Cultural Forests of the Amazon: A Historical Ecology of People and Their Landscapes

Images

Ka’apor woman at a government outpost in 1942, with distinctive facial painting design still in use by women and men today (photo by Eduardo Galvão; origi­nal photo given to the author by Charles Wagley). Araweté man, Igarapé Ipixuna, basin of the Xingu River, east­ ern Brazilian Ama­zon, 1985. The last temporary shelter of Aurê and Aurá; thatching is from babaçu palm (Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng.), called waí in the language spoken by Aurê and Aurá. FUNAI worker securing bow and arrows of Aurê and Aurá, in front of the first of their last two temporary shelters, before theybecamewardsoftheBrazil­ ian state; basin of the Tapirapé River, Brazil, Oc­ to­ ber 1987. Babaçu palm (Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng.), a massive, solitary palm frequently found in anthropogenic forests of east­ ern Amazonia. Terra preta (Amazonian Dark Earth) site on a ridge near Santarém; palm is Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. (mucajá in the Portuguese of Brazilian Amazonia; macaúba in south­ ern Brazil); other cultivated species in the photograph are young papaya trees and banana or plantain suckers. High forest along the edge of the Igarapé Gurupiuna (Gurupiuna stream), basin of the Gurupi River, near Ka’apor forest inventory sites (hectares 6 and 7 in Chapter 3 text). Posto Indígena (P.I.) Canindé, a FUNAI field station (or posto) and indigenous Tembé village; it is within the Terra Indígena Alto Guamá, mostly a Tembé reserve. P.I. Canindé is on the left bank of the Gurupi River, near a high forest site discussed in the text (hectare 8 in Chapter 3 text). Plantain in an east­ern Amazonian dooryard garden. The plantain is called pako-­te (“authentic or origi­ nal plantain”). An in­ di­ vidual tree in the genus Cecropia (Urticaceae), reminiscent of a candelabra ; generic words for Cecropia (embaúba or imbaúba in Portuguese) in diverse Tupí-­Guaraní tongues, such as the Ka’apor and Guajá word ama’i (Appendix I), tend to be cognate. Photo from the collection of Meghan Kirkwood. Yupaú (Parintintin) woman in front of a longhouse, central Rondônia, 1992; the Parintintin word for cacao (ñumi-­ ) is different from that in other Tupí-­ Guaraní languages. Ethnozoologist Helder Lima de Queiroz records data concerning Geochelone spp. tortoises with a group of young Ka’apor men, village of Gurupiuna, 1989. LocationsofseveralTupí-­Guaraní–speakinggroupsoftheeast­ernAmazonwherefield research discussed in this volume took place. The Ka’apor name irikiwa’i refers to this gargantuan hardwood, which is typically found in ancient anthropogenic forests. Photo by Osmar Ka’apor; from the collection of Meghan Kirkwood. ...