Notes Introduction 1. Charleston Courier, april 12, 1842; Charleston Patriot, april 18, 1842. 2. Bernard code, Dictionary of the American Catholic Hierarchy (new York: longmans ,green,1940),97–98.The most thorough and authoritative biography of england is Peter guilday, The Life and Time of John England, First Bishop of Charleston, 2 vols. (new York: The america Press, 1927). 3. alvan F. Sanborn, ed., Reminiscences of Richard Lathers: Sixty Years of a Busy Life in South Carolina, Massachusetts and New York (new York: grafton Press, 1907), 15–16. 4. Patriot, april 18, 1842. 5. Courier, april 12, 1842. 6. in addition to the prominence of anti-catholic violence in surveys of american religious history, numerous studies focus on Protestant antipathy toward catholics. These include: mary augustina, American Opinion of Roman Catholicism in the Eighteenth Century (new York: columbia university Press, 1936); Ray Billington, The Protestant Crusade: 1800–1860 (new York: macmillan, 1938); and John J. Kane, CatholicProtestant Conflicts in America (chicago: Regnery, 1955). mary augustina found deep roots for american anti-catholicism, building a case that religious intolerance faded only gradually in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Ray Billington defined his topic as nativism, but his interest was anti-catholicism,which he traced from its roots in europe through its culmination in the riots of the 1840s and the success of the Know-nothing Party in the 1850s. although he described lulls in anti-catholic viciousness , he wrote a narrative of increasing acrimony, heightened by anti-catholic propaganda and punctuated by violence. John Kane argued that the anti-catholicism of the mid-twentieth century mirrored the religious prejudice of a century earlier.more recent works demonstrating the lingering effects of the anti-catholic temper include: Philip Jenkins, The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice (oxford: oxford university Press,2003) and mark Stephen massa,Anti-Catholicism in America:The Last Acceptable Prejudice (new York: crossroad,2003).For examples of the centrality of 184 notes to Pages 2–4 anti-catholicism in surveys of american catholicism, see John tracy ellis, American Catholicism, 2nd ed. (chicago: university of chicago Press, 1969); andrew m. greeley , The Catholic Experience (new York: image, 1969); and charles R. morris, American Catholic: The Saints and Sinners Who Built America’s Most Powerful Church (new York: Random House, 1997). 7. John england, Works of the Right Rev. John England, First Bishop of Charleston, ed.ignatius aloysius Reynolds,vol.1 (Baltimore: John murphy & co.,1849),52; Samuel J. mills and daniel Smith, Report of a Missionary Tour through That Part of the United States Which Lies West of the Allegany Mountains (andover,ma: Flagg and gould,1815), 11. Flaget did insist that the missionaries allow him to examine the translation first. 8. ellis, American Catholicism, 42, 63; greeley, Catholic Experience, 19, 28. 9. morris, American Catholic. 10. John R. dichtl, Frontiers of Faith: Bringing Catholicism to the West in the Early Republic (lexington: university Press of Kentucky, 2008). Quotation p. 180. 11.david Brion davis,“Some Themes of counter-Subversion: an analysis of antimasonic ,anti-catholic,and anti-mormon literature,”The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 47,no.2 (Sept.1960),205–24; Philip Jenkins,Mystics and Messiahs: Cults and New Religions in American History (new York: oxford university Press, 2000), 28–31; nancy lusignan Schultz,Veil of Fear:Nineteenth-Century ConventTales by Rebecca Reed and Maria Monk (West lafayette, in: Perdue university Press, 1999). 12. Jenny Franchot, Roads to Rome: The Antebellum Protestant Encounter with Catholicism (Berkeley: university of california Press, 1994). although Franchot focused primarily on new englanders, her analysis is useful for understanding Protestants’reactions to catholicism in the South as well. 13. Joseph agonito, “ecumenical Stirrings: catholic-Protestant Relations during the episcopacy of John carroll,” Church History 45 (1967): 358–73; Jay P. dolan, The American Catholic Experience:A History from ColonialTimes to the Present (notre dame: university of notre dame Press, 1992), 102. 14. William R. Hutchison, Religious Pluralism in America: The Contentious History of a Founding Ideal (new Haven, ct: Yale, 2003), 58. Hutchison argued that although america has been religiously diverse from the early nineteenth century,it only became pluralistic in the second half of the twentieth (4). 15. of the surveys of american catholicism, only one devotes significant space to southern catholicism: John gilmary Shea, History of the Catholic Church in the United States, vols. 1–4 (new York: J. g. Shea, 1886–1892). Several other exceptions to this rule are early histories by prominent southern catholics: Thomas F. Hopkins, St. Mary’s...