Thirteen Loops: Race, Violence, and the Last Lynching in America

Index

7-Eleven, 76, 121, 199 Alabama-Auburn Football. See Iron Bowl Alabama Bar Association, 22 Alabama College, 46 Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences , 100, 140 Alabama National Guard, 24–25, 28, 207 Alabama Peace Officers Killed in the Line of Duty, 66 Alabama Rescue Service, 143 American Legion, 3, 38 Anderson, Josephus: formal charges against, 53–54; history of, 51–52; robbery by, 49–51, 66, 164; trial of, 102–103, 141. See also Ballard, Albert Eugene “Gene”; Dees, Morris ; Hartley, Kalliopi; Holman Correctional Facility; “No Bill”; Sutton , Kathy Anniston, Alabama, 147 antilynching: legislation, 44, 188, 202; movement, 4; song, 5. See also Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill antimasking law, 23 Arkansas, 2 Arrington, Richard, 55, 59, 61 Atlanta, Georgia, 6, 45, 52, Atlanta killings. See Williams, Wayne Atmore, Alabama 170, 173. See also Holman Correctional Facility Baird, Jane, 50 Baldwin County, Alabama: murder of Michael Donald in, 87, 96, 100, 103, 106–108, 114, 138, 149, 157, 159, 189, 204; haunted lynching tree in, 186 Ballard, Albert Eugene “Gene,” 110; characteristics of, 61–62, 65; connections to Michael Donald and Vaudine Maddox murders, 9–10, 63–64, 81, 195–96, 205; death of, 51–53, 62, 65, 71, 102, 145, 170; funeral of, 58, 59–61, 81; grave marker for, 66–67; investigation into the murder of, 55–56; reminders of 189–90. See also Anderson, Josephus; Hartley, Kalliopi; Myers, Bill R.; Sutton, Kathy Beidler, Philip, 13 Betancourt, Thaddeus, 102 Beulah Mae Donald vs. United Klans of America, 166; closing argument by Morris Dees, 156–57; opening statement by Morris Dees, 145– 46; questioning of Robert Shelton, 147–49; questioning of Tiger Knowles, 151; reminiscences by Richard Cohen, 161–62 INDEX 

*/%&9 Big Sandy, 13, 15, 19, 27 Birmingham, Alabama: “Bombingham ,” 64; citizens of, 54, 61; civil rights efforts in, 63–64; and Gene Ballard, 9, 55, 57, 61, 67, 102, 145; Klan in, 127; lawyers from, 21; lynchings in, 44; robbery in, 49, 51. See also Anderson, Josephus; Ballard , Albert Eugene “Gene”; Clark, Elmore “Honey”; Harden, A. T.; King, Martin Luther, Jr.,; Pippen, Dan, Jr.; Sixteenth Street Baptist Church Birmingham Age-Herald, The, 37 Birmingham News, The, 36, 53, 59, 60 Birmingham Post, The, 31, 36 Black Belt, 13 Black Warrior River, 13, 23, 36 Bloom, William P., 22–23 Bodman, Jim, 133–34 Boone, Buford, 166 Britt, Bobby, 60 Buck, Joe, 76–77 Buick Wildcat, 87, 96, 101, 104, 107– 108, 125, 137, 168, 187, 198; forensic evidence in, 98, 138 Busby Recreation Center, 71–72, 74, 77 Byrd, James, Jr.: murder of, 8; sisters of, 208 Calhoun, Tommy, 134 Cameron, James: attempted lynching of, 3–4; Senate apology to, 202–203 camphor tree: chopping of, 94; hanging of Michael Donald at, 85, 89, 124, 137, 189, 197, 199, 201 Campus Hate Crimes Right to Know Act of 1997, 7 Carmer, Carl, 13 Carolina Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. See Ku Klux Klan carpetbaggers, 25, 31, 42 Carr, Cynthia, 4, 204 Carroll, William, 189 Carter, Bonita, 61 Carver Technical School: and Michael Donald, 73, 76 Cash, W. J., 20, 206 Cason, Clarence: and ballistics, 33; description of Tuscaloosa, 13; and hypocritical behavior of Southerners , 40; and International Labor Defense, 24, 30–31 Chadbourn, James Harmon: Bullock County petition, 45; definition of lynching, 5, 7; Lynching and the Law, 5, 26; and repeal of antilynching legislation, 44; and transfer of prisoners, 26 Chaney, James, 197 Chicago Police Department, 53 Citizens Protective League, 39–41 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 7 Civil Rights Division, 144 Clark, Elmore “Honey”: arrest of, 19; assistance of International Labor Defense, 20–22; bullet removal, 33; disability of, 35; escape of, 28; legacy of, 208; and lynching rumors , 26; mystery surrounding, 34; testimony of, 29, 32; tragedy of, 31; transport to Birmingham of, 18, 26–27, 36 */%&9

 Cloud, N. B., 42 Cohen, Richard: assessment of Tiger Knowles, 187; note, 164; on the United Klans of America, 166; walk with Morris Dees, 156. See also Beulah Mae Donald vs. United Klans of America; Dees, Morris Communism. See communists communists, 21, 24–25, 32, 39–40, 46–47, 193–94 Connor, Eugene “Bull,” 63–64 Cooper Green Hospital, 53, 61 County Council Against Crime, 39–41 Cox, Frank: burning cross, 122–24; involvement in United Klans of America Klavern Unit 900, 102; nylon rope, 104, 137, 157; Teddy Kyzar’s testimony on, 153 Cox, Gail, 172, 192 Crimson White, The, 46 cross burning, 103–104, 122...