Thirteen Loops: Race, Violence, and the Last Lynching in America

Title Page, Copyright

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" .& 3* $ " THIRTEEN Copyright © 2011 by B. J. Hollars The University of Alabama Press Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0380 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Typeface: Minion Pro and Gill Sans Design by Michele Myatt Quinn ∞ Cover photo: United Klans of America Rally, Mobile, Alabama, 1977. Photo by Dave Hamby, courtesy of the Mobile Press-Register. The paper on which this book is printed meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hollars, B. J. Thirteen loops : race, violence, and the last lynching in America / B.J. Hollars. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8173-1753-9 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-08173 -8582-8 (electronic) 1. Lynching—Alabama—History—20th century. 2. Violence—Alabama—History—20th century. 3. Racism— Alabama—History—20th century. 4. Alabama—Race relations— History—20th century. 5. Mobile (Ala.)—Race relations—History— 20th century. 6. Birmingham (Ala.)—Race relations—History— 20th century. 7. Tuscaloosa (Ala.)—Race relations—History—20th century. 8. Donald, Michael, 1961–1981. 9. Maddox, Vaudine, d. 1933. 10. Ballard, Gene, d. 1979. I. Title. HV6465.A2H65 2011 364.1′34–dc22 2011003388 To the victims, of whom there are many. ...