Origins of the Tainan Culture, West Indies

Contents

Table of contents: Page Preface........................................................................ XI List of abbreviations, Terminology................................. IX CHAPTER I. - Immigrations and Indian Elements in the West Indies .................................................................. I The Guanahatabeyes, 3; The Arawak Race on the Continent, 27; Paria, 29; Trinidad, 32; The Mazoriges or Ciguayos in Northeastern Santo Domingo, 42; The Calinas in Contact with the Tainos in the Antilles, 51; The Transmarine Communication of the Tainos with Yucatan, 58; Florida, 61; Haiti known in Cumana and Paria, Intercourse among the Tainos, 68; The Territorial Extension of the Cacicazgos, Puerto Rico, 71; Espanola, 72; Higuey, 73; The Territory of the Ma<;origes, 74; Magua, 75; Marien, 76; Maguana, 77; Xaragua, 78; Cuba, 79; Jamaica, 84; The Bahamas, 85. CHAPTER II. - Ancient Indian Monuments in the West Indies 86 Plazas, 86; Middens and Shell Heaps, 100; Caves, Caves as Dwellings and Places of Resort, 120; Burial Caves, 123; Shrines, 125. CHAPTER III. - Stone Artifacts, Celts, Adzes, and Axes. Flint Artifacts ............................................................... 135 Celts, 136: Trinidad, 143; Lesser Antilles, Tobago, 144; Grenada, St. Vincent, 145; St. Lucia, Guadeloupe, Barbados, 147; St. Kitts-Nevis, 148; Virgin Islands and St. Croix, 149; Vieques, Puerto Rico, ISO; Espanola, Bahamas, 151; Cuba, Jamaica, 152; Hatting ot the celts, 153; Monolithic axes: Cuba, 155; Puerto Rico, Espanola, Bahama Islands, Guadeloupe, Tennessee, 156; Alabama, Arkansas, Coast between Santa Marta and Rio Hacha, Mosquito Coast, Nicaragua Highland , 157; Engraved Celts: St. Thomas, Espanola, Cuba, 162; Bahamas , 163; The Grinding ot Butt until Flat, Conclusions about the Distribution of Celts in the West Indies, 165; GroJved West Indian Celts: St. Vincent, Dominica, Guadeloupe, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, 170; Axes, 171: Trinidad, 183; Lesser Antilles, Barbados, Grenada, 184; St. Vincent, 185; St. Lucia, Martinique and Dominica, Guadeloupe, 190; St. Kitts-Nevis, 192; St. Croix, 195; Puerto Rico, Espanola, 196; Cuba, 197-; The axe with marginal notches, 198; The T-form axe, 203; Native factors in the VI genesis of the Axe, 207; Flint, 2IO; Guadeloupe, 2II; St. Kitts, Page Cuba, 2I2; Santo Domingo, 215: Caicos Islands, 2I8; Jamaica, 2I9: The Flint Culture on the Antilles, 222. CHAPTER IV. - Ceramics ................................................ 224 Ancon, 227; Northern Argentine, 228; The Parana Delta, Chimay, 229; Teffe, 230; Manaos, 23I: Baixo Iriry and Santarem, 232; Venezuela , 234; Lake Tacarigua, 235; Aruba, Curayao, Bonaire, 237; Margarita , 239; The Coast regions of northern British Guiana, 240; The more recent pottery in Venezuela and Guiana, The Orinoco, 245; True Caribs in Guiana, Guaribiche, 248; The Island-Caribs, 249: The pottery of the Island-Arawaks: Trinidad, 250; Barbados, 258; Grenada and the Grenadines, 259; St. Vincent, 262; Guadeloupe, 264: st. Kitts-Nevis, 265; Virgin Islands, 27I; Vieques; Puerto Rico. 278; Espanola, 287; Cuba, 3I3: The Bahama Islands, 320; Jamaica, 322; Influences on Tainan Ceramics fram Southeastern States, 327: Summary, 333. CHAPTER V. - Towns and houses .................................... 336 CHAPTER VI. - Agriculture. Culture-Plants.... .................... 350 Agriculture, 350: Manioc, 358; Ages, Batatas, 368; Yahutia, Arrowroot , 369; Maize, 370: Mefates, 376: Puerto Rico, Cuba, 380; \Vithout information as to origin, 38I; Rep. of Haiti, Santo Domingo or Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico, 382; Peanuts, Beans, 385; Tobacco, 386; Coca; 398; Cotton, 400; Other plants for spinning and twisting, 401; Gardens and fruits, 402; Summary of fruit trees. 404; Pineapple , 405; Spices, 406: Plants furnishing colours for body-painting 407; Goaconax, Herbs nsed in washing, Cultivated medicinal herbs, 408; Calabashes, Wild plants used by the Tainos, 409; Rubber, Yuca dulce, 412. CHAPTER VII. - Navigation, boats, oars, fishing, hunting, and weapons ............................................................... 4I4 Fishing, 420; Hunting, 43I; Preparation of fish and meat, 438; Aparatus for striking fire, 439; Meals, \Veapons, 440; Spear-Throwers , 441; Bow, 446; Arrows, 449; Clubs, 45I; Tactics of war, 453. CHAPTER VIII. - Household Ftwnitttre .............................. 455 The duho, 455; Hammocks, 457; Loom, 458; Utensils, 459; Baskets, 46I; Mats, 462. CHAPTER IX. - Gold. Ornaments. Dress. Treatment of the body. Musical instruments ................................................ 463 Guanin, 468; Silver and copper, 473; Stone beads, 474; Shell fretwork and engraving, 479: Deformation of head, 488; Modes of hairdressing. Body Painting, 490; Tattooing, Musical instruments, 492; Maraca, 493; Drums, Wind instruments, 495. VII Page CHAPTER X. - Social Conditions .................................... 498 Classes of society and rank, 498; Naborias, 499; The Commoners, 50r; The Tainos, 502; The Caziques, 503; Dance and festivals. 519; The game of ball, 524; Mariage and sexual conditions, 526; Prostitution , 528; Transvestites, 529; Division of work, 532; Crime and Punishment, 533; Diseases and means of cure, 535; CHAPTER XI. - Burial Customs ....................................... 54! Burial customs with general diffusion on the Tainan islands. A, Direct burials with the skeleton in a contracted sitting or flexed position . a, In excavated graves, 544; b, Burial in crouching posture within a raised mound, 546; c, Cacique-burial in a grave furnished with wooden supports, over which is an arch of branches topped with earth. The cacique sits on a duho, 549; d, Direct burial in caves with the skeleton in flexed position, 55!; E, Secondary Tainan head burials. a, The head in basket kept under the roof of the hut, b, The head in clay vessel in a cave, 552; c, The head without receptacle in caves, d, Skulls in a row on a bed in cave, bones underneath. II. Local fornrs of burial, originating from the Southern States. T, Burial in midden in an inverted clay bowl, especially of child, 553; 2, Bundle Burial. Cremation, 555. CHAPTER XII. - Religion................................................ 560 The idea of God, 563; Man's first appearance on earth, 565; The people of the mythical age, 567: Conceptions as to souls and postexistences , 573; Medicine-men, 575; Zemiism and zemi figures, 578; Cotton images, 597; \Vooden images: Santo Domingo, Cuba, J amaica , 598; The West Indies, 599: Stone images, 603; Monoliths, Illlmovable stone images, 605; Figurines: Jamaica, Cuba. C~'ico; Islands. Santo Domingo, 607; Puerto Rico, St. Croix, 608; Pottery idols, 614; Ceremonial purifications, 620; Cultus, 624; Masks, 625; Masks of shell, Stone masks and stone heads, 626; Three-pointers, 628; Stone collars, 633; Elbow stones, 640; Pestles, 641; Earthenware pestles, Zenilistic ornamentation, 645; Earthenware stamps: Cuba, Santo Domingo, 646; Puerto Rico, St. Croix, St. Vincent, Barbados , Grenadines, Trinidad, 647; Roller stamps, 649; Flat stamps, 650. Summary ............ " ................................. ,. ...... .... .......... 657 Addenda. - I. On effects of tobacco. 2. The myth of Women's Island ................................................... 697 Plates I-XIX. Map showing the Indian West Indies. ...