Beside the Troubled Waters: A Black Doctor Remembers Life, Medicine, and Civil Rights in an Alabama Town

Bibliography

Bibliography GENERAL STUDIES DEALING WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN HEALTH CARE AND THE HISTORY OF BLACK PHYSICIANS The history of minorities in American medicine has been a subject of intensifying interest over the last few years. Among the best overall studies is that of W. Michael Byrd and Linda A. Clayton, An American Health Dilemma: Race, Medicine, and Health Care in the United States, 1900–2000 (New York: Routledge , 2002), which includes chapters and tables on the inequalities in health and welfare between blacks and whites, and David Barton Smith, Health Care Divided:Race and Healing a Nation (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999). A source of extraordinary richness is the Journal of the National Medical Association , founded in 1909.The publication features scientific articles as well as news on state and local affiliates, black medical and nursing schools, biographies, and obituaries. Volumes for the years 1909–2007, often difficult for scholars to locate in past years, are now available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih .gov/pmc/journals/655/. An excellent study of African American physicians is that of Thomas J.Ward Jr., Black Physicians in the Jim Crow South (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2003), which focuses on New Orleans; Wilmington, North Carolina; Mound Bayou, Mississippi; Columbia, South Carolina; and Knoxville,Tennessee . A pioneer in African American medical history is Todd L. Savitt, who has authored or coedited numerous books in the field, starting with Medicine and Slavery:The Diseases and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum Virginia (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978). Savitt’s “Entering a White Profession: Black Physicians in the New South, 1880–1920,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 61 (1987): 507–40, is one of numerous articles by him on topics ranging from black medical schools to the history of sickle-cell anemia. 168 / Bibliography Of special importance in depicting the link between health and social status is Edward H. Beardsley’s A History of Neglect: Health Care for Blacks and Mill Workers in the Twentieth-Century South (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987). Beardsley’s “Making Separate, Equal: Black Physicians and the Problems of Medical Segregation in the Pre–World War II South,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 57 (Fall 1983): 382–96, is likewise useful. Among the best autobiographies by black physicians are Florence Ridlon, A Black Physician’s Struggle for Civil Rights: Edward C. Mazique, M.D. (Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press, 2005); Gilbert R. Mason M.D. with James Patterson Smith, Beaches, Blood, and Ballots: A Black Doctor’s Civil Rights Struggle (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000); and Douglas L. Conner M.D. with John F. Marszalek, A Black Physician’s Story: Bringing Hope in Mississippi (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1985). ALABAMA MEDICAL HISTORY, BLACK HEALTH-CARE PRACTITIONERS Though it includes little about Alabama’s black populations,Howard L.Holley, A History of Medicine in Alabama (Birmingham: The University of Alabama School of Medicine, 1982), offers useful information on medical education, clinical developments, and state medical leaders. J. Mack Lofton Jr.’s Healing Hands: An Alabama Medical Mosaic (Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1995) features numerous oral histories of practitioners, including several black doctors. AmongthemostimportantprimarysourcesaretheTransactions of the Medical Association of the State of Alabama, which provide articles and summaries of yearly activities, plus county membership rosters that include the names, dates of birth, medical schools attended, and specialties for each member. Black physicians are listed under the heading “non-member” with the designation “col.” after the names. Because Meharry Medical College in Nashville trained the vast majority of black physicians practicing in Alabama, valuable insight can be found in James Summerville’s Educating Black Doctors: A History of Meharry Medical College (Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1983). The pseudoscientific racism that characterized much of Alabama’s medical past is treated in several studies, including Reginald Horsman, Josiah Nott of Mobile: Southerner, Physician, and RacialTheorist (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978); Deborah Kuhn McGregor, Sexual Surgery and the Origins of Gynecology: J. Marion Sims, His Hospital, and His Patients (New York: Garland, 1989); and Gary Michael Dorr,“Defective or Disabled?: Race, Medicine , and Eugenics in Progressive Era Virginia and Alabama,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 5 (October 2006): 359–92. Bibliography / 169 For the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, see James H. Jones, Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, new and expanded ed. (New York...