Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Hereford’s discharge shows that he was inducted at Huntsville on 17 July 1918 and served with the American Expeditionary Army between September 1918 and September 1919.For information on African Americans during the war,see Arthur E.Barbeau and Florette Henri, The Unknown Soldiers: Black American Troops in World War I (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974). 2. John Lewis with Michael D’Orso, Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement (New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1998), 13. 3.Theodore Rosengarten, All God’s Dangers:The Life of Nate Shaw (New York:Vintage Books, 1974). 4. Probate records show numerous purchases of land: two acres for $20 by Bettie Hereford in March 1916; five acres for $700 by Sonnie Hereford Sr. in May 1919; one acre for $300 by Sonnie Hereford Jr. in October 1919 (shortly after his discharge from the army); and around ten acres for $3,000 by Sonnie Sr., Bettie, Sonnie Jr., and Jannie in December 1924. See Deed Record: Madison County, vol. 121, pp. 122, 655; vol. 123, pp. 587–88; vol. 131, p. 114. 5. Thomas Edward Hereford, interview by Jack D. Ellis, Huntsville, Alabama, 27 February 2000. 6. See probate documents in Mortgage Record: Madison County Alabama, vol. 242, pp. 205–06 (1931), and vol. 255, p. 117 (1934). 7. C. Erick Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya note that white churches had nothing comparable to this office, which was “derived from the kinship network found within black churches and black communities.” See The Black Church in the African American Experience (Durham: Duke University Press, 1990), 275. 8. In 1940, public spending per black pupil in Alabama was only a third of what it was for whites. See James T. Patterson, Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), xvii, 9, and James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 237. 152 / Notes to Pages 3–7 9. Lewis, Walking with the Wind, 34–37; Anne Moody, Coming of Age in Mississippi (New York: Delta Trade Paperbacks, 2004), 32–35; and Melba Pattillo Beals, Warriors Don’t Cry (New York: Simon Pulse, 2007), 3–11. 10. See Thomas J. Ward Jr., Black Physicians in the Jim Crow South (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2003), 40–41, and James Summerville, Educating Black Doctors: A History of Meharry Medical College (Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1983), 86, 96–99. 11. Data from physician lists published annually in the Transactions of the Medical Association of the State of Alabama (MASA) show that Meharry graduates accounted for 60 percent of black doctors practicing in Alabama between 1895 and 1970. Those from Howard University College of Medicine in Washington, D.C., made up an additional 19 percent. Most of the rest were products of black medical schools that by Hereford ’s time had ceased to exist. 12. See the tables in “Medical Licensure Statistics for 1946,” Journal of the American Medical Association 134 (17 May 1946): 255–69. See also table III in Helen Edith Walker, The Negro in the Medical Profession (Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 1949), 36–37. 13. See Reginald Horsman, Josiah Nott of Mobile: Southerner, Physician, and Racial Theorist (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), and Gary Michael Dorr, “Defective or Disabled?: Race, Medicine, and Eugenics in Progressive Era Virginia and Alabama,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 5 (October 2006): 359–92. 14. For an example of one black doctor’s efforts to gain admission to state medical societies, see Gilbert R. Mason M.D. with James Patterson Smith, Beaches, Blood, and Ballots: A Black Doctor’s Civil Rights Struggle (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000), 37–41. 15. Figures extracted from census records by Todd L. Savitt show a total of 3,495 licensed black physicians practicing in the United States in 1920,of which just under half were located in the states of the former Confederacy. See “Entering a White Profession: Black Physicians in the New South, 1880–1920,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 61 (1987): 507–40. 16. See Edward H. Beardsley, A History of Neglect: Health Care for Blacks and Mill Workers in the Twentieth Century South (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987). 17. In his study of the Medical Committee for Human Rights, created in 1964 by physicians and nurses from the North who wished to provide care for...