Between Contacts and Colonies: Archaeological Perspectives on the Protohistoric Southeast

Index

Accomacs, 154, 161–62 acculturation, 2–3, 4–5, 24, 27, 52. See also culture contact acorns, 24, 36. See also subsistence Adair, James, 107 agency, 4, 7–8, 111–14, 143–44, 166–69, 195–96 agriculture: English descriptions, 16–17; European introduced plants 13; gardens and ¤elds 24; maize, 12, 36, 194; Native American practices, 7, 16, 24, 29–30, 39–40, 42–43, 49, 52, 59. See also plants; subsistence Alabama, 22, 70, 84, 90, 92, 96, 99, 103, 110–11, 117–18, 187 Algonkians, 16–17, 153 Amelia Island, 47 American Bottom, 174 Aminoya, 134 Angelina River, 53, 59 Annales school, 32 Anunciacion, Fray Domingo de la, 91–92 Apache, 63, 65 Apalachee, 28, 46, 135, 139, 142–53; ballgame , 148–50, 152; burials 147–49; compared to the Powhatan 163–69; decline in elite power 152; elites 149– 51; elite political strategies 150–51; legitimacy of elites 150, 151; location 145; material symbols of elites 149, 150; Missionization 145, 147, 152; Mississippian traits 145, 163; sociopolitical organization 147–48, 151; warfare 148 Apalachicola River, 147 Appalachian region, 18, 67–68, 70–76, 78, 85–87, 90, 92, 95, 100–101, 107, 175 archaeobotany, 22–26 archaeological record, 35, 48, 60, 143, 171; biases 33, 44–45; inadequacies, 1, 33 archaeology 13, 31–33; ecological questions 14–15; historical archaeology, 1– 6, 32; historical-processual perspective, 174, 184, 196; post-processualism, 7, 8, 32; prehistoric archaeology, 1–6, 13; problems of interpretation 14; processualism , 6, 8, 11, 32, 171; southeastern archaeology, 6, 7, 8, 11, 175; theory, 1–2, 5–6, 170 Archaic period, 43 architecture: domestic, 10, 70, 72, 157; public, 54, 145, 175. See also houses; households Arkansas, 50, 60, 171, 190 Arkansas River, 50, 52 arthritis, 61. See also disease Atasi phase, 96, 119, 120 Atlantic Coast, 26, 32–33, 35, 38–39, 41– 43, 45–46, 157, 163 Ayllón, Lucas Vasquez de, 39, 40, 46; Ayllon colony 41, 46; expedition 45 ballgame, 148–50, 152 Bartram, William, 9, 10, 21, 83–85; comments on architecture 76–77, 103; comments on Creek architecture 101, 103; comments on trade 81–82; contributions to Appalachian summit archaeIndex ology 85–87; journal 73–75, 86–87; travels 67–73 Beverley, Robert, 29 Biedema, J., 45, 91, 92 Big Cypress Bayou, 54, 59 bioarchaeology, 60–61. See also disease; epidemic disease bison, 49, 63 Bland, Edward, 19 Blue Ridge Mountains, 155 Broad River, 70, 73 Bry, Theodore de, 16 Byrd, William, 17, 25–26 Caddo, 49–66, 192; burials 54, 58–59; burial goods 57–58; ceramics 59; culture change 9; disease 60–61, 65; Guasco province 59, 63; Hasinai 53, 59, 62–63; health 61; households 81; Kadohadacho 54, 62; mortuary practices 57; mounds 62–63; Nabedache 62, 65; Naguatex province 49, 63; rituals 86; religion 58, 61–62, 65; settlements 50–51, 53; sociopolitics 61–62, 65; trade 59–60, 63–65; trails 62–63; Upper Nasoni 57 Cahokia, 192, 195 Canadian River, 60 caries, 44. See also disease Carolina Piedmont, 17 Casqui, 171, 175–76, 182, 186 Catawba, 92 Catawba River, 18 Catesby, Mark, 17 Catholicism, 27. See also missionization Charlesfort, 40, 42 Charlestown, 17, 70 Chattahoochee River, 73, 80, 129, 147 Chattooga River, 70 Chattooga site, 85 Cherokee, 21, 67, 70–87, 92, 107, 180; architecture, 72, 73. 76–78, 79–80, 85–86, 90, 103, 105, 107, 108; ballgame , 78; comparisons with the Creek, 84, 124; Echoe, 74; Lower towns, 86; Middle towns, 75, 82, 86; mounds, 78; movements, 75–76; Nequassee, 74; Nucasse, 74; Overhill towns, 72–73, 79, 82, 86, 105; relations with French, 83; rituals, 77–79, 82–83; town names, 74; trade, 80–82, 86; Valley towns, 82; warriors, 139–40; Whatoga 74 Chesapeake Bay, 153, 163 Chesapeake Indians, 155, 156 Chickahominys, 155, 163 Chickasaw, 63, 107; war camp description 140 Chicken, George, 79, 81 Chicora, 39, 40 chiefdoms, 38, 40, 49–50, 51, 64, 67, 114, 126, 129, 140, 153, 156 chiefs, 36, 123–24; burials, 157; competition among, 126, 129; decline in power, 135, 152; houses, 85, 156–57; inheritance of social position, 129; power strategies, 129–31, 140; roles in warfare , 128, 130, 135–36, 140–41 Choctaws, 137 Chota, 85, 103, 107 Co¤tachequi, 45–46 colonialism, 7, 35 colonization, 10, 15, 18, 40–41, 52; English colonies, 18; French colonies, 19 Columbus, Christopher, 2, 27 Comanche, 65 Coosa, 46, 175, 187 Coosa River, 70, 129 Coosawattee River, 187 copper, 147, 149–50...