People, Plants, and Landscapes: Studies in Paleoethnobotany

Index

INDEX Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS): of chenopod from Newt Kash, 29, 73; of Cucurbita from Cloudsplitter, 68, 69, 81; of Middle Holocene cucurbits, 28; radiocarbon dating, xvi, 19, 20; of rice from Kazahari, 101; ofseeds from Marble Bluff, 46; of sunflower from Hayes site, 55-56 Ache, 162 Acorn (Quercus): meal, 116, 165; in Moundville economy, II2, II5; nutritional composition of, 162; in prehistoricJapan, 94, 95; processing costs of, 165; used by Carolina Algonquians, 161;yield of, 163-64. See also Nut resources Adaptation, xvi, 3, 124, 134; to European invasion of North America, 179, 191. See also Selection Adaptationism. See Functionalist-adaptationist explanation Agave (Agave), 21 Agnew shelter (Arkansas), 52 Agricultural fields: archaeological evidence for, 179; communal, 120, 180, 183, 187; dispersion of, 120, 123-24, 137-39, 14950 ; historical records of, 179; location of, 179-84, 187-88; paired with household gardens, 180, 183, 187, 197; rotation of, 121; in southwestern United States, 199 Agricultural origins: 20, 125, 126, 157; computer simulation of, 152-53; in eastern North America, 1,25-26,124,143,177; explanation of, 2, 3; models of, 123, 127, 152-56; in Near East, 14-16, 21, 87; role of diffusion in, 27-28 Agriculture, 17, 124; defined, 9; disturbance associated with, 87, 88; evolution of, 120; maize-based, II5, 146, 149-50; nonindustrial , 137, 158; in prehistoric eastern North America, 1-2, 19,63, 143-52; in prehistoric Japan, 86, 98-99; in prehistoric Near East, 14-16; in prehistoric southwestern United States, 20; monocrop, 87; rice, 88-89, 98-99; temperate -zone and tropical compared, 157. See also Farming; Food production; Plant husbandry Ainu, 88, 97,101 Algonquians, 161 Allozyme analysis, 53 Alred shelter (Arkansas), 52 Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.), 21 Amur corktree (Phellodendron amurense), 93 Anadromous fish, 150 Anderson, Edgar, 144 Anthropogenesis, xvi; concept of, 86-88; evidence for, 89-90, 102-3; and grasses, 96; duringJomon period, 93-95; and landscape structure, 197; and textile plants, 200; and weeds, 177, 197,200. See also Disturbance Aomori (Japan), 89, 101 Aquatic resources, 59, 144, 145, 177 ArchaeobotanY,4, 13; defined, xvi Asch, David, 25 Asch, Nancy, 25 Ayni,I42 Barley (Hordeum vulgare), 95 Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli),93, 103; cultivation of, 97-100 Barnyard millet (Echinochloa utilis), 103; carbonized mass of, 100; cultivation of, 97100 Bartram,William, 201-2 Bat Cave (New Mexico), 19, 2II Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), 195,209; diffusion of, 2II; ethnohistoric records of, 161 Beidha (Jordan), 15 Blackberry (Rubus), 120 Black Warrior Valley (Alabama), 107, II2 Blake, Leonard, 17, 18 Botanical Gardens site (Japan), 96 Botde gourd (Lagenaria siceraria),20,2I, 143;from Windover site, 54 Boxplots, II3 Braidwood, RobertJ., 14, 18, 21 Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum),93, 98,101,103 Buckwheat (Pagopyrum esculentum), 93 266 Index Buffer zones, 197,215 Burials, IIO, II 2 Burning (of vegetation), 94, 215; as management tool, 199-200, 202 Butternut (Juglans cinerea), processing costs, 165-66 Cahuilla, 202 Carbon isotopes, I46 Carrying capacity, 153, 174 <;:ayonii (Turkey), 16 Chatots, 182 Chenopod (Chenopodium), 18,20,21,58, 143; domestication of, 25-26, 143; from Marble Bluff, 46, 48-51, 61; from Newt Kash shelter, 26; seed morphology, 2526 ; 49-51; weed and domesticated types of compared, 26, 51 Cherokees, 180; adopt livestock, 185; field location strategies of, 180, 185, 193; isolated farmsteads of, 187; town locations of, 183, 185 Chickasaws, 179, 180 Chiefdom, 107 Childers site (West Virginia), 82 Chinquapin (Castanea pumila), 161 Choctaws, 179, 180; field location, 193 (n. I) Cholla (Opuntia), 21 Chronology, 17; of agricultural origins in eastern North America, 26-29 Clearing, 94,121,215; and nut exploitation, 175 Climate change: and agricultural origins, 125,126, I44, 153; in western North America, 213-14 Cloudsplitter shelter (Kentucky), 39; Cucurbita from, 54, 68-76; radiocarbon dates, 67-69,73 Coevolution: and domestication, 127-28; effect on resource profitability, 133-34, 155-56; responsible for morphological change, 146-47 Cold Oak shelter (Kentucky): Cucurbita from, 69; plant remains, 32-39; radiocarbon dates, 36-37; size of sumpweed from, 57 Colwell, Robert K., 169-70 Composite family (Asteraceae), 203, 209 Constancy: defined, 169; of nut resources, 170 Contingency: defined, 169; of nut resources, 170 Coppicing, 200 Coprolites. See Paleofeces Corn. See Maize Corridors, 197 Cowboy Cave (Utah), 209 Creeks: abandon communal fields, 187-88; adopt livestock, 185; field location strategies of, 185, 193; houses of, 185, 187; town locations of, 183, 185 Crops: definition of, 9; exotic, 209-II, 216; failure of, 95; inJapan, 101; in Near East, 16; perennial, 197; processing and storage of, 6I; production of, in southeastern United States, II9, 121; productivity of enhanced by burning, 200; root and tuber , 215. See also Cultigens; Cultivated plants; Domesticates Cucurbits: preservation of, 64-65; terminology , 9, 85 (n. I) Cultigens: in prehistoric Japan, 93, 96-102; defined, 9. See also Crops; Cultivated plants; Domesticates Cultivated plants: defined, 9; stored against food shortage, 76, 79, 84. See also Cultigens ; Crops; Domesticates Cultivation, 127, 144, I49, 155; casual, 71; defined, 9; inJapan, 94,102; of Cucurbita, 84; as solution to subsistence risk, 154 Cultural evolution, 3 Cultural resource management, 21 Cutler, Hugh, 17 Cuyo Cuyo (Peru), 138 Deh Luran (Iran), 15 Dellinger, Samuel c., 44 Dental pathologies, 151 De Soto expedition, 161 Diet breadth, 3, 133, 139, 159 (n. 5); and maize dependence, 147; model, 123, 12831 ,156 Diffusion, 28, 53,175 Disequilibrium, 90 Disturbance, 87, 203; and domestication, 144-45; due to agriculture, 120; ecological , 93. See also Anthropogenesis Domesticates, 21,42,63; defined, 9; dietary significance of, 61, 76; early use of, 60; in Japan, 102; native, 146. See also Crops; Cultigens; Cultivated plants 267 Index Domestication, 2, 16, 13I, 157, 209, 214; explanation of, 123-26, 144; and die~ selection , 131-34; eastern North Amenca as independent center of, 20, 24, 28, 14345 ; effect of on handling efficiency, ~56; evolutionary approaches to, 124-25; lrreversability of, 134; models of, 123, 153; morphological changes associated with, xvi, IOO, 144-45; and risk, 139-42, 14915I ; specialized, 133; ofsunflower, 25, 143; of sumpweed, 143; inJapan, I02, I03 Domestilocalities, 144 Dump heap theory, 144 Eastern Agricultural Complex. See Agriculture , in prehistoric eastern North America ; Native crops Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli, 97; morphological changes in, 99 Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzicola, 97; morphological changes in, 99, I02 Echinochloafrumentacea, 97 Ecofacts, 18 Ecology, 2, 95, I03; cultural, 2; ecosystems, 2, 3; human, xv, 88 Ecosystem, 87, 126, 127 Edens Bluff shelter (Arkansas), 52 Edge communities, 90, 94, 200 Edwin Harness site (Ohio), 146 Efficiency: ecosystem, I26; foraging, 128, 131-32, 136, 139, 146, 148, 155; production , 142, 156-57 Egalitarian society, I09 Environment: deterioration of, 149; of Holocene Japan, 88; nonnormative and normative properties of compared, 12526 ; regular fluctuations in, 159 (n. 2); st~­ chastic fluctuations in, 153; types of varlabIes used to analyze, 126-27 Environmental policy, 87 Ethnobotany, xv, 13; of eastern North America, I Evolutionary ecology, xvi, 123, 153; and domestication , 157-59; in paleoethnobotany , 3-4; and risk, 134-35 Exchange: of deerskins for European goods, 183, 185; effect of mast failures on, 176; within Moundville polity, I07; as risk management strategy, 123, 14I42 , 150, 158 Farmers, 124 Farming, 202; defined, 9; in eastern North America, 37;production efficiency of, 156-57. See also Agriculture; Food production ; Plant husbandry Farmsteads, I07, II7; dispersed, I09, II2, 187. See also Settlements;Villages Fat, dietary importance of, 162 Firewood, 94, 12I; and settlement dispersal, 188-89 Fitness, 3 Flannery, Kent, 2 Floodplain weed theory, 59, 144, 146 Flotation, I, 13, 15, 19, 2I; in eastern North America, 63; inJapan, 86, I03; samples, 94, 99, IOO, IOI Folsom site (New Mexico), 17 Food production, xvi, 62, 146; defined, 9; dryland, 96; in eastern Kentucky, 40; in eastern North America, 60, 65; inJapan, 87,88,95,96; origins of, 2, 18; and storage , 39. See also Agriculture;Farming; Plant husbandry Foragers, 123, 124 Foraging, 3, I07, II5, 128, 167; on Cumberland Plateau, 72; inJapan, 86;production efficiencyof , 156-57; seasonal aspects of, 72 Foraging theory, 3, 128, 132, 155, 159 Ford, Richard, 25, 31 Forests: development of, 88-89; clearance of, 89, 94 Fort Ancient, 148 Foxtail grass (Setaria italicassp. viridislglauca), 93, 94, 96, 97 Foxtail millet (Setaria italica ssp. italica),93, 97, IOI, I03 French, David, 16 Functionalist-adaptationist explanation, 154, 160 (n. IO); critique of, 124-25 Fusihatchee village (Alabama), 185-86 Gardening, 6I, 62, I07, 202; in eastern Kentucky , 37,75,76,79; inJapan, 94; at Marble Bluff, 45; at Moundville, 1I5. See also Horticulture Gardens, 94; household, 183, 197; inJapan, IOI;WestJeffersonphase, 120;in western North America, 200 268 Index Giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida), 144; from Marble Bluff, 46, 48, 50, 51 Gilmore, Melvin, 1,2,17,18,23 Gourd/squash (Cucurbita pepo), 19,20,21, 143; cultivation of, 75, 79, 84; domestication of, 53-55, 63-65, 73; economic importance of, 81-82; evolutionary trends in, 79-83; fruits used for food, 77; fruit morphology, 74, 77,84; habitat of, 71; from Marble Bluff, 51-55, 58; Middle Holocene dates for, 28; from Newt Kash, 28, 29; preservation of, 64; rind morphology , 53, 58, 69, 77; seed morphology, 5255 ,58,69,78-79; seeds used for food, 70, 75,80; storage of, 72; used as containers, 70,75,80; wild, 69, 71, 80 Grasses, 93, 95, 203; in North America, 2059 ; in prehistoric Japan, 96-102 Green foxtail (Setaria italica ssp. viridis), 101, 102, 103 Guili Naquitz, 152-53 Hakodate (Japan), 89 Hamanasuno site (Japan), 100, 101 Hariot,Thomas, 161 Harvesting, 103, 145 Hawkins, Benjamin: description of Creek settlement patterns, 188; portrait of, 193 (n.2) Haystack shelter (Kentucky), 76 Hazelnut (Corylus sp.),processing costs of, 165 Heian, 89, 96 Heiser, Charles, 25 Helbaek, Hans, 14-16 Hickory (Carya sp.): ethnohistoric records of, 161; geographical distribution of,2035 ; increased use of during Middle Archaic period, 174-76; nut oil, 116, 17374 ; nutritional composition of, 162; processing of, 174-75; used at Moundville , 112, 115; yield of, 163-64. See also Nut resources Higgs, Eric, 15,21 Hilliard,Jerry,45 Hokkaido (Japan), 88, 89, 94, 95, 98, 102 Holding site (Illinois), 145 Homeostasis, 126 Hooton Hollow shelter (Kentucky), Cucurbita from, 72-73 Hordeum, 207-9 Horticulture, 17, 60; defined, 9; in eastern North America, 71. See also Gardening Hunting, as risk-buffering strategy, 149-50 Hupa, 165 Huron, subsistence practices of, 149-51 Hypsithermal, 144, 146, 175-76 Inca state, 142 Icehouse Bottom site (Tennessee), 145 Jarmo (Iraq), 15 Jomon, 87,88; and anthropogenesis, 93-95; Initial, 89, 93; use of grasses by, 97-102; use of nuts by, 89, 93 Jones, Volney, 1,2; Newt Kash research of, 23-25,28-29,31-32,66; at University of Michigan, 17, 18 Juglans californica, 205 Juglans hindsii, management of, 205 Kameda Peninsula (Japan), 101, 102 Kazahari site (Japan): age of rice from, 101; cultigens from, 93; nuts from, 94; Yayoi component of, 96 Kinship, 119 Knotweed (Polygonum), 93, 95, 96; erect (Polygonum erectum), 144 Koster site (Illinois), 175 Landscape: of eastern North America, 19597 ; management, 214-15; structure, 197; ofwestern North America, 197, 199 Lemonade berry (Rhus trilobata), 200 Little barley (Hordeum pusillum),63,144, 207-8 Livestock, 185 Logarithms, 113 McCloskey,Donald,138 McFarland site (Tennessee), sunflower from,56 Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays), 17, 195,209; agriculture , 107; cupules, 114; dietary role of, 145-47; diffusion of, 211; ethnohistoric records of, 161; in Fort Ancient economy , 148; from Marble Bluff, 44; in Moundville economy, 112, 114-15; from Newt Kash, 28; nutritional composition of, 162; in southwestern United States, 20-21 Mammoth Cave, 13 Mandan squash, 74 269 Index Marble Bluff (Arkansas): age of crops from, 58-59; artifacts from, 45-47; excavations at, 44-45; large size of sumpweed achenes from, 58; location of, 43; radiocarbon dates from, 46-48; seed concentrations at, 45-46; significance Of,58-59 Mast. See Nut resources Matrilineages, 187; control of agricultural production by, 190 Maygrass (Phalaris caroliniana), 144; cultivation of, 207; at Newt Kash, 37 Maypops (Passiflora incarnata), 120 Megumi site (Japan), 98 Mesoamerica, as source of North American agriculture, 27 Mesquite, honey (Prosopis glandulosa),202 Metis, 185, 187 Microenvironments, 120 Midden, llO Mississippian, 180 Mobile (Alabama), 182 Mobilians, 18o Mochiyazawa site (Japan), 95, 98, 99 Models: of agricultural origins, 123, 127, 152-56; evolutionary ecology, 123, 12427 ,128,158;foraging,123,127;homeostatic , 3; optimization, 4; quantitative, 166; of risk reduction, 134 Modoc rockshelter (Illinois), 175 Morphology, 24 Mounds, 109 Moundville polity, 107, 109-12; ceramic styles of, 109; chronology of, 109-12; crop yields of, 121; elite of, llO; economic and social relations of, ll8-19; and landscape change, 121; and maize production, 114-15; and nut procurement , ll4-15 Moundville site (Alabama): palisade at, llO, 121-22; plant remains from, ll2; resident population size of, 109, llO, 121 Mutualistic relationships, 53, 202, 205, 209 Nakano B site (Japan), 89 Napoleon Hollow site (Illinois), 58 National Science Foundation, 15, 18 Native crops: dietary role of, 60-61,14546 , 160; in Fort Ancient economy, 14849 ; used at Moundville, ll2, ll5 Natural selection. See Selection Neolithic Revolution, 126 New Archaeology, 18-19,21 Newt Kash Hollow shelter (Kentucky), 23, 24, 30, 66; crop seeds, 25-27; chronology, 28; cucurbits, 25, 72-75; quantification of plant remains from, 31-39; radiocarbon dates, 29, 73; significance of,40 Nibutani site (Japan), 98 Normative variables, 123; defined, 159 (n. I) Nucleated settlements, 84 Nut resources, 94; ethnohistoric records of, 161;location of near Moundville, 120, 121; management of, 59, 93,171,177, 201-2; parching of, 174; processing costs of, 165-67; productivity of, 94; procured at Moundville, ll4-15; storage of,72, 162,171; travel costs associated with, 167; variability in production of, 72. See also Acorn; Butternut; Hazelnut; Hickory ;Walnut Nutritional stress, among early farmers, 151, 158, 160 (n.9) Nutshell, 161, 173 Okawa site (Japan), 98, 99 Old fields, 183, 197 Optimal foraging theory. See Foraging theory Optimization, 152-53 O'Shea,John, 149-51 Ozark gourd (Cucurbita pepo ssp. oviferavar. ozarkana), 53, 69 Page-Ladson site (Florida), 143 Paleoethnobotany, xv, 4, 13; defined, xvi; development of, 17-22; Helbaek's definition of, 14; interpretation in, 40; inJapan, 86; maturation as a discipline, 24; method and theory in, 23; in Near East, 14-16; research potential of, 1,2; techniques in, 14, 15 Paleofeces, 13; from Newt Kash, 26, 29, 79; from Hooton Hollow, 79 Paleosols, 87 Palisade, at Moundville, llO, 121-22 Palm, desert fan (Washingtoniafilifera), 202 Paniceae, 97,101 Panic grass (Panicum sonorum), 21 Panicum, 101 Patch, defined, 197 Pawnee, subsistence practices of, 149-51 Pecan (Carya illinoiensis),ethnohistoric records of, 161 Pensacolas, 180 270 Index Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), 121 Phalaris, 207-9 Phenotypic plasticity, 88 Phillips Spring site (Missouri), Cucurbita seeds from, 54 Pine (Pinus), 89, 121 Pinyon (Pinus), 202 Pit houses:Jomon, 93; used as garden locations by Creeks, 187 Plant husbandry, 24; at Newt Kash, 29; defined, 9; in eastern Kentucky, 38, 39; inJapan, 95,102,103; in upland zones, 59. See also Agriculture; Farming; Food production Plant remains: analysis of, 30-32, 35; carbonized and uncarbonized compared, 31, 40, 60; desiccated, 44; as evidence for diet, 61; interpretation of, 86,115-16; from Moundville, 112; from northeasternJapan , 88,102; preservation of, 35,209, 215; quantification of, 35, 11314 ; from rockshelters, 31,79; sampling of, 61; techniques for recovering, 2,17; from wet sites in Japan, 86 Plant resources, 107, 112, 118; density of, 160 (n. 8); management of, xvi, 197, 199202 ; procurement of, I, 17,94; selection of, xvi; taxonomic distribution of in North America, 203-9 Plum (Prunus), 121 Poke (Phytolacca americana), 25 Pollen, 87, 102, 103; as evidence for environmental history, 88, 89 Population density, 94,123,134,139,147; and hunting territories, 151; and plant domestication , 132-34, 153; relationship of to diet breadth, 155 Postprocessualism, 19 Predictability, 169-70 Premaize agriculture, 1,23, 30, 65 Prestige goods, 112 Primary domestication, 59, 60 Prime movers, 123, 154, 159 Processual archaeology, 3, 19 Production interval, 140; and ecological factors, 157 Productivity, 94, 124; in relation to biomass, 87 Pumpelly, Raphel, 18 Radiocarbon dating, 27; of Cloudsplitter Cucurbita, 69; of Marble Bluffseeds, 4648 ; of Newt Kash material, 29. See also Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating Ratios, 113 Reciprocal access, 136 Reciprocity. See Sharing Resources: density of, 156; depletion of, 146; and domestication, 132-33; profitabilityof , 158; selection of, 123, 128; shortage of, 124-25, 137-39, 149-51 Rice (Oryza sativa), 93, 96, 98, 102; paddy, 98,99, 103 Rindos,David, 127, 144 Risk, 133, 136; agricultural, 95,120; and domestication , 149; strategies for reducing, 137,149-51,158,160 (n. 7); subsistence, 123-24,142 Rockshelters, 20, 21, 61; contextual and sampling problems of, 31; early cultigens from, 177; Cucurbita from, 65; in eastern Kentucky, 66; in Ozarks, 44; preservation in, 35-39, 65, 67; scientific potential of, 39; seasonal utilization of, 75, 76,79, 84; twig figurines from, 200 Rogers shelter (Kentucky): Cucurbitafrom, 76-79,82,85 (n. 2); radiocarbon dates, 76 Rye grass (Elymus), 102 Sakushu Kotoni River site (Japan), 98,101 Salts Cave (Kentucky), 2, 13; Cucurbita, 54, 74,80; paleofeces, 54, 62; sumpweed, 57 Sapporo Station site (Japan), 95 Satsumon, 96, 102 Scanning electron microscope (SEM), 18, 24,51,98 Sectorial fallowing systems, 141-42, 158 Seeds: carbonized, 87, 99; dormancy in, 144; production of, 144 Seed stock, 51, 57 Selection, xvi, 126, 139, 140, 156; defined, 159; during domestication, 59,100,14445 ; as explanatory principle, 124-25, 158; in human-modified habitats, 24 Seminoles, 187 Setdement patterns, 60, 75,147,180; Creek and Cherokee, 185-86, 190-93; effects of nut exploitation on, 173; in western North America, 199 Setdements:Jomon, 94-95; permanence of, 95,144,174-75, 205 Sharing, 123, 124; and agricultural production , 141; effects of market economy 271 Index upon, 191; intraband, 136-37; as risk reduction strategy, 136-37, 158 Sheep sorrel (Rumex), 93 Shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa),yield of, 163 SMAP machine, 16 Smith, Bruce, 18, 54; floodplain weed theory of, 59, 144, I46 Smith,John, 161, 172 Social complexity, 20 Social differentiation, at Moundville, IIO Social relations: in agricultural communities , 142; and food sharing, 149; transformed by market economy, 185-86, 191 Soil fertility: in bottomlands, 180; and farmstead location, 120; near Moundville , IIO, 120, 121 Spatial averaging, 141 - Spencer, Herbert, 3 Steward,Julian, 2 Storage: of anadromous fish, 150; of crops, 38-39,94, 120, I45; and environmental perturbations, 213; granaries used for, 120-21; long-term, 137, 140; of nuts, 162,171-72; as risk-buffering strategy, 149-51; short-term, 136 Struever, Stuart, 16,21 Subsistence, 60, 86, 87; change, 2, 3, 30, 32; mixed strategies of, 1I5, 215 Succession, ecological, 87,120, I2I;in prehistoric Japan, 89, 90 Sumpweed (Iva annual, 2, IOO, 143; domestication of, 209; Marble Bluff, 48, 56-57; from Napoleon Hollow, 58; seed morphology , 25, 56-57 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), 2, 20, IOO, 143,209; Marble Bluff, 55-56; seed morphology , 25, 56; consumption of, 29, 37 Superposition, 27, 28 Tallapoosa River Valley, 187 Taphonomy, 215 Texas wild gourd (Cucurbita pepo ssp. ovifera var. texana), 28, 69 Theory, xvi, 3 Thompson, Raymond, 40-41 Tobacco (Nicotiana sp.), 200 Tohoku (Japan), 88, 96 Tomehs,I80 Tominosawa site (Japan), 94, 99, IOI Torihama Shell Mound (Japan), 89 Trade. See Exchange Tree crops, 201, 215. See also Nut resources Tribute, 121 Ubuka Bog (Japan), 89 Usujiri B site (Japan), 94, 99, IOO Venison, II8 Villages, 94; location changed in response to European colonization, 180-85; nucleated , I09;WestJefferson phase, II7, 120. See also Farmsteads; Setdements Wagner, Gail, 19 Wajin, 96,98 Walnut (Juglans ailanathifolia), 93, 94, 95 Walnut, black (juglans nigra), 203; processing costs of, 165-66; used by Carolina Algonquians ,I6I Walnut family (Juglandaceae), economic importance of, 203-4 Webb, William S., 23, 25 Weeds, 99, IOI; annual, 90, 93; economically valuable, 197; garden, I02; herbaceous , 88; as indicators of anthropogenesis , 86, 94-96; perennial, 90, 93; and plant domestication, 144-45; rice mimic, 98 WestJefferson phase, II3;landscape, 120; plant remains from, II2; political differentiation during, I09 Wheat grass (Agropyron), I02 White, Leslie, 3 Wild rice (Zizania and Oryzopsis), 205-7 Willow (Salix sp.), 200 Wills, Chip, 19 Wood charcoal, 87 Yagi site (Japan), 89, 102 Yarnell, Richard A., 24,43,62,88,194 (n. 3); career of, 13; dissertation of, I, 18; measurements of Newt Kash seeds 25' quantification procedures of, 31; re~e~ch of, xv, 1,2, 18,21 Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), 122,200-201 Yayoi, 89, 94, 96, 97, 102 ZencorlScioto Trails site (Ohio), 82 Zoku-Jomon, 89, 95, 99, I02 Z-score model, 134-38 Zuni pueblo, 199 ...