Notes
Notes Chapter 1. The Colonial Crucible 1. See Alleyne 1980: esp. 145-49; Dalby 1970/71; Hancock 1986b; Mufwene 1986; and Rickford 1986. 2. Niles 1980 treats Barbadian English as a dialect of EModE or regional dialectal English of the early seventeenth century. 3. Curtin 1969: 17-21; Robinson 1969: 12; Knight and Crahan 1979: 6. The first Europeans to engage in the African slave trade, the Portuguese were well established by the end of the fifteenth century. Blacks were well known in the Iberian peninsula by 1500. See also Chaudenson 1977: 260-63; and Hancock 1986b, for a discussion of African pidgins and their probable relationship to AfroAmerican creoles. Valdman 1978: 15, mentions Baragouin-a Carib trade language attested by a French missionary, Pere Jacques Bouton, in 1640. Such a language may well have been present in Jamaica in the early seventeenth century. 4. Curtin 1969: 25. The new estimate for the early seventeenth century is cited by Paul Lovejoy (1982: 479-80). 5. Dallas 1803; Patterson 1973: 267-72, on uprisings led by Cormantins in association with Maroons; LePage 1960: 76; Dalby 1971; Alleyne 1980; and Bilby 1983. 6. Davies 1970: 38-42; Patterson 1973: 114-21; Fage 1969: 73-80. 7. See LePage 1960: 70-73; Taylor 1965: 20; Patterson 1973: 18-20, 95-97; Sheridan 1974: 210-11, 217; Roberts 1979: 33-36; and Higman 1976 and 1984 for population estimates and information on the importation and reexportation of slaves. 8. For the problems of estimating Jamaica's population prior to the first reliable census in 1844, see Atkins 1736: 245; LePage 1960: 36, 80-83, 91, using Edward Long's "sober" figures for estimating the white popula,tion in 1734, and the Royal African Company import-export figures in 1702-75 and 1789-98; Patterson 1973: 36,83,96-97; Brathwaite 1978: 152; and Higman 1976: 55, 62-63. 9. Patterson 1973: 97 cites an increase of 1.8 percent by means of slave imports, as against a natural decrease of 2.8 percent for 1746. 10. Patterson 1973: 35; Long 1774: 1.510-11; and Wentworth 1834: 1.1, 44. 217 218 Notes to Pages 24-64 11. For an excellent study of family, fertility, and economic patterns, see Barry Higman, Slave Population and Economy in Jamaica, 1807-1834 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976). Unfortunately no such study has been made of the period 1660-1720, when the creole society laid its foundations. 12. Craton contends that these rebellions mark a watershed in Jamaican slavery, turning planters away from Gold Coast slaves, making them work to creolize their slaves and to diminish freedom of movement and African cultural influences (1978: 55). Patterson (1973: 276) notes that a bill to block the importation ofAkan slaves was defeated in the Jamaica Assembly after the 1765 revolt and that Gold Coast slaves remained highly desirable. 13. Long 1774: 2.287; Purcell 1937: 52; Pitman 1967: 37, 54. Lady Nugent (1966) mentions in her journal the numbers of Scots on the estates and Text 2 shows how the Scots figured in the slaves' imagination. 14. For the ratio of white women to men, see Long 1774: 1.377. Patterson, Brathwaite, and Higman all discuss the problems attendant on gender imbalances. Chapter 2. Source Materials 1. For examples of the Jamaican Creole and West African Creole recorded by Crow, see his Memoir.r (1830: 120-21, 128-29, 137, and 159, all of which are reproduced in D'Costa and Lalla (1989). See also the headnote to Text 5. Chapter 3. Reconstructing the Sound System 1. For a useful parallel in Hiberno-English orthography of the seventeenth century , see Bliss 1979: 188-91. He cites Weinreich's discussion of "double interference " (1966: 21), but notes that the Irish case-like that of Jamaica-involves more than this: "Some of the writers of our texts were themselves Irishmen, and may have spoken a type of English which was not identical with the Standard English of the time" (Bliss 1979: 189). 2. The deletion and addition of [#h-] in the Holderness dialect of East Yorkshire corresponds exactly to JC usage: see Ross, Stead, and Holderness 1965. The feature occurs in other midland dialects, as well as in some London dialects. It appears late in JC records. 3. Norma Niles (1980: 171) discusses in detail the relationship of Barbadian phonology to that of regional and nonstandard dialects of Early Modern English. Parallels among dialectal EModE and Barbadian English and Jamaican Creole include...
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