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The work described here is part of a larger research project, centered at the University of Virginia under the direction of Jeffrey Hantman and focused on the archaeology and ethnohistory of the Monacan Indians and their ancestors in interior Virginia. I am grateful to Jeff Hantman who ¤rst suggested I study the Bioarchaeology of Rapidan Mound and who has provided so much assistance over the years. I also thank my Virginia colleagues, including Jennifer Aultman, Gary Dunham, Martin Gallivan, Michael Klein, and Carmen Trimble, for sharing their expertise with me. This research could not have taken place without the support and collaboration of the Monacan Indian Nation of Amherst, Virginia. Special thanks to Chief Kenneth Branham, Museum Director Phyllis Hicks, and Historian Diane Shields for their interest in the outcome of this research as well as the opportunity to contribute to the knowledge of the everyday lives of their ancestors. Although it is much changed, this book began as my dissertation project at the University of Michigan. I thank my dissertation chair, Richard Ford, and committee members William Farrand, Jeffrey Hantman, John Speth, Milford Wolpoff, and Henry Wright, for their insight and guidance, then and now. Financial support for various stages of this research came from the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (Threatened Sites Program); the University of Virginia Department of Anthropology; the University of Virginia Of¤ce of the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences; a Smithsonian Predoctoral Fellowship; Sigma Xi; University of Michigan Department of Geological Sciences (Scott Turner Award); a University of Michigan Department of Anthropology Dissertation Fellowship; and a faculty research grant from St. Cloud State University. The skeletal analysis that forms the core of this study took place in three distinct phases. For the Rapidan Mound analysis in Charlottesville, I Acknowledgments had the assistance of Wesley Bernardini, Leigh Anne Mayes, and Christopher Wiggand. Lynn Koplin and Seth Mallios also volunteered their time and expertise to help me complete the analysis, and Ann Palkovich of George Mason University provided guidance on identi¤cation of paleopathological markers. For the Hayes Creek Mound analysis, also in Charlottesville, I was assisted by students enrolled in a human osteology course and especially by Kristin Braddock, Kristina Killgrove, and Geoffrey Evans. Theresa Roane, supervisor of Reference Services at the Valentine Museum, Richmond , provided invaluable assistance with the correspondence, notes, and photographs of E. P. Valentine and his family. The faculty, staff, and students of the University of Virginia Department of Anthropology were always welcoming as I returned (again and again) to complete this research. Thanks to all, especially Jeffrey Hantman, Adria LaViolette, Rachel Most, Stephen Plog, and Patricia Wattenmaker. The staff of the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, especially Keith Egloff, David Hazzard, Catherine Slusser, and E. Randolph Turner, provided support for all phases of the Rapidan and Hayes Creek Mound projects. Keith Egloff provided extra assistance with my examination of the artifacts from Lewis Creek Mound. VDHR and the Monacan Tribal Council permitted me to submit small samples of bone from Rapidan Mound for radiocarbon dating. I completed the Lewis Creek Mound skeletal analysis as a predoctoral fellow at the Smithsonian Institution. I thank my fellowship advisor, Douglas Ubelaker, as well as David Hunt, James Krakker, Douglas Owsley, Bruce Smith, and Melinda Zeder for their assistance during my fellowship tenure. The Smithsonian Department of Anthropology’s Collections Committee allowed me to submit small samples of bone for radiocarbon dating , and Greta Hansen helped me to collect those samples. Leslea Hlusko, Erica Jones, and Karen Mudar also provided assistance with many matters while I was at the Smithsonian. This work would not have been possible without the salvage excavations of Virginia archaeologists including C. G. Holland, Howard MacCord , Sandra Speiden, and other members of the Archeological Society of Virginia. I also thank my colleagues and students at St. Cloud State University for their support of this work. I greatly appreciate the assistance of the staff of The University of Alabama Press. I thank Keith Jacobi and an anonymous reviewer for their thorough and constructive reviews of the manuscript and Judith Goffman for her thoughtful copyediting. The errors, omissions, and misinterpretations that remain are mine alone. I am grateful for the support of Dorothy Vittert, Sandra and Charles Gold, and Keiko and Richard Brewer. To Marshall Brewer—who built the xiv | Acknowledgments osteometric board, entered and proofread data, read innumerable drafts, listened endlessly (and mostly awake) to presentations, and did more than his fair share of the household work and...

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