Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory

Index

386 Johnson and made their replacement difficult indeed. Advantages of participation in the system would have eroded rapidly as labor and material inputs no longer provided a bufferagainst shortage. Given that operation ofthe system was predicated on a very large number of participants, withdrawal ofonly a modest proportion of them could have engendered a rapid collapse of the whole network. This it seems to have done. It w('luld no doubt be a simple matter to make the case that the world is not in grave need ofyet another story about matters Chacoan, especially one perhaps more suited for bedtime than class time. It may be, however, that even the Chaco data can support a basically egalitarian interpretation. Casas Grandes: Something Else The same seems doubtful in the case ofCasas Grandes (LeBlanc, Chapter 6). Far more than any other material discussed dUring the seminar, Casas looks elite--even to me. The circumstances surrounding its foundation, hinterland relations, and ultimate demise are sufficiently obscure that I will not even attempt to deal with them. One comparison with the Chacoan phenomenon did strike me as particularly revealing. The Chacoan collapse did not seem to have a major impact on subsequent affairs in its area. Life continued much as it had before. The Casas collapse, however, left a southern Mogollon area largely devoid ofceremonial architecture. Kivas were gone for all practical purposes and precious little else remained. This suggests that an area influenced by Casas had undergone a fundamental transformation of social relations that speaks of equally fundamental differences between the effects of egalitarian and elitist social systems. CONCLUSION I was not particularly surprised to learn that southwestern archaeologists are nearly as friendly yet factious as their Near Eastern counterparts. I have probably said enough by now to have brought all parties to a slow boil, and would be well advised to hold my tongue. I will conclude with the observation that ifby happy accident I am even vaguely correct about Southwest political organization, the area would be even more interesting than it now appears to be. We have garden variety "chiefdoms" and "early states" stacked ten deep under the lab table, but elaborate sequential hierarchies may have been a rare phenomenon. (<;atal HUyUk in Anatolia [Mellaart 1967; Todd 1976) with its pueblo-like architec- Far Outside-Looking In 387 ture and numerous "shrine" rooms may have been an early Old World example.) Having a large sample of sequential systems with the degree of preservation. environmental. and chronological control available in the Southwest would constitute an unparalleled comparative opportunity to investigate the factors that suppress or enhance the social inequality so many consider the bane of modem life. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Doug Schwartz and the other members of the SAR Seminar for a most enjoyable and instructive week in Sante Fe. The theoretical background of many of the remarks made here was initially developed with the support of the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung. the Institut fUr Archaologie-Seminar ffir Vorderasiatische Altertumskunde der Freien Universitat Berlin. the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. and the CNRS project "Development des Societes complexes dans Ie S.O. de I'Iran," which I gratefully acknowledge. Daniel G. Bates, James B. Griffin. Roben Paynter. John D. Speth. and three anonymous reviewers were kind enough to comment upon earlier versions of the manuscript. Remaining sins of omission and commission are mine. REFERENCES Adams. Robert McC. 1978 StrategiesofMaximization. Stabilityand ResilienceinMesopotamianSociety . Settlement and Agriculture. Proceedings ofthe American Philosophical Society 122(5):329-335. Doxiadis. Constantinos A. 1968 Ekistics: An Introduction to the Science ofHuman Settlement. Oxford University Press. New York. Gremliza. F. G. L 1962 EcoloaY and Endemic Diseases in the Dez Pilot Area: A Report to the Khuzistan Water and Power Authority and Plan Organization ofIran. Development and Resources Corporation. New York. Gross. Daniel R. 1979 A New Approach to Central Brazilian Social Organization. In Brazil: Anthropological Essays in Honor ofCharles Wagley. edited by M. L. Margolis and W. E. Carter. pp. 321-343. Columbia University Press. New York. 1983 Village Movement in Relation to Resources in Amazonia. In Adaptive Responses ofNative Amazonians. edited by Raymond B. Hames and William T. Vickers. pp. 429-449. Academic Press. New York. 388 Johnson Halstead, Paul, and John O'Shea 1982 A Friend In Need Is a Friend Indeed: Social Storage and the Origins of Social Ranking. In Ranking, Resource and Exchange: Aspeas ofthe Archaeology of Early European Society, edited by Colin Renfrew and Stephen Shennan, pp. 92-99. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hole, Frank 1984 Analysis of Structure and Design in Prehistoric Ceramics. World Archaeology 15(3):326-347. Johnson, Gregory A. 1982 Organizational Structure and Scalar Stress. In Theory and Explanation in Archaeology: The Southampton Conference, edited by Colin Renfrew, Michael J. Rowlands, and Barbara Abbott Segraves, pp. 389-421. Academic Press, New York. 1983 1987 Kramer, Carol 1980 Mellaart, James Decision-Making Organization and Pastoral Nomad Camp Size. Human Ecology 11(2):175-199. The Changing Organization of Uruk Administration on the Susiana Plain. In The Archaeology of Western Iran, edited by Frank Hole, pp. 107-139. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Estimating Prehistoric Populations: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach. In L'Archlologie de L'Iraq du Dlbut de L'Epoque molithique a 333 Avant Notre Ere: Pmpectives et limites de l'intlrpretation anthropologique des documents, edited by Marie-Th~ese Barrelet, pp. 315-334. CoIIoques Intemationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique No. 580. CNRS, Paris. 1967 ,atal Hfty(4k: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. McGraw-Hill, New York. Negahban, E. O. 1975 BriefReport ontheHaftTepe Excavations 1974. InProceedingsoftheIIIrdAnnualSymposium onArchaeologicalResearch in Iran, edited by F. Bagherzadeh, pp. 171-178. Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, Tehran. Oates, David, and Joan Oates 1976 Early Irrigation Agriculture in Mesopotamia. In Economicand SocialArchaeology , edited by G. de G. Sieveking, I. H. Longworth, and K. E. Wilson, pp. 109-135. Duckworth,London. Plog, Stephen 1978 Social Interaction and Stylistic Similarity: A Reanalysis. In Advances in ArchaeologicalMethod and Theory, Vol. 1, edited by Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 143-182. Academic Press, New York. Redding, Richard W. 1981 The Faunal Remains. In An Early Town on the Deh Luran Plain: Excavations at Tepe Farukhabad, edited by Henry T. Wright, pp. 233-261. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan No. 13, Ann Arbor. Schiffer, Michael B. 1976 Behavioral Archeology. Academic Press, New York. Far Outside-Looking In 389 Todd. Ian 1976 9atal Hflyf4k in Perspective. Cummings Publishing Company. Menlo Park. Wobst. H. Martin 1977 Stylistic Behavior and Information Exchange. In For the Director: Research Essays in Honor ofJames B. Griffin. edited by Charles E. Cleland. pp. 317342 . Anthropological Papers. Museum of Anthropology. University of Michigan No. 61. Index Anasazi. Western area. 99-148 abandonment. 127 alliances. 136-37 and other Anasazi. 104-5. 117. 119. 120 Basketmaker II (Initiation). 109-13 Basketmaker III (Initiation). 113-15 Black Mesa Black-on-white. 116 burials. 113 Chaco phenomenon. 120 computer simulation of ecological adaptation . 102. 135. 136 cooperation and competition. 101-2. 13133 Dogoszhi style. 119. 122 environmental and demographic adaptation . 101. 105-9. 121. 128-31. 136 habitation sites. 114. 116. 120. 125. 128 information flow. 102-3. 131-35 Kana-a. 117 Kana-a Black-on-white. 116 Katchina cult. 128 Kayenta Black-on-white. 119 kivas. 115. 118. 120. 125 lino Black-on-gray. 116 maize agriculture. Ill. 112 Mexican influences. III Mongollon interaction. 115. 126 mural painting. 128 plaza sites. 133-34 population estimates. 120 Pueblo I (Initiation). 115-17 Pueblo II (Expansion). 117-20 Pueblo III (Reorganization). 122-27 Pueblo IV (Aggregation). 127-29 ritual knowledge. 132 San Juan Red Ware. 117. 119 settlement types. 112. 114. 116. 118. 12122 Sikyatki Polychrome. 128 sites. 103-4. ll4. 116. ll8. 121 social order and interaction. 112. 115. 120. 122. 125. 131-37 subSistence. Ill. 114. 116. 117-18. 12021 . 127 trade and exchange. 113. 115. 117.119. 122. 126-27 Transition (Differentiation). 120-22 Tsegi Orange Ware. 119 White Mountain Redware. 126 Chaco Canyon-San Juan Basin. 209-61 architecture. 238. 241. 246 Bis sa·ani. 246 building periods. 223-24 burials. 251 391 ...