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Illustrations I. Early European exploration of North America. 7 2. Eastern portion of the route of the Hernando de Soto expedition (1539-40) and the route of the Tristan de Luna expedition (1559-6I). 9 3. Juan Pardo's first expedition (December 1566 to March 7, 1567) and Hernando Moyano's foray (Spring 1567). 24 4. Page one of Juan de la Bandera's "long relation." 30 5. The signature page of Juan de la Bandera's "short relation." 31 6. Towns and locations of Juan Pardo's second expedition (September I, 1567, to March 2, 1568). 33 7· Zimmennan's Island. 37 8. Social honor accorded a sixteenth-century Timucuan chief. 54 9. Formal order of march assumed by the Timucuan chief Holata Outina embarking on a military expedition. 56 10. The mound at the Town Creek site near Mt. Gilead, North Carolina. 57 1I. Defensive palisade around the Town Creek site. 57 12. The bride of a Timucuan chief carried on a litter. 64 13. Some late prehistoric/early historic archaeological phases and sites, with selected historic Indian towns. 69 14· Sociogram of Cofitachequi and its hinterland. 75 15. Sociogram of Santa Elena and its hinterland. 80 16. A four-sided Pisgah phase house floor. 85 17. Sociogram of Joara and its hinterland. 89 18. A circular house floor at the Upper Sauratown site (3 I Skla). 92 19. Timucuan male transvestites carrying packbaskets of food. 99 20. Sociogram of Coosa and its hinterland. 104 21. Timucuan Indians transporting food in a dugout canoe. 133 vii 22. The murder of the Frenchman Pierre Gambie by Timucuan Indians. 136 23. Wedge and chisel from Santa Elena. 137 24. Knives from Santa Elena. 138 25. Spherical turquoise blue glass beads from the Hampton site, Rhea County, Tennessee. 139 26. Gilded metal ball button from Santa Elena. 140 27. Conch shell drinking cup from the Hixon site, Hamilton County, Tennessee . 141 28. Indians dressed in matchcoats. 142 29. Senkaitschi, the Yuchi "king." 143 30. Forts built by Pardo and houses built by the Indians on the "road to Zacatecas." 144 31. Wattle and daub construction in a reconstructed house at the Town Creek site, N.orth Carolina. 145 32. Reconstructed house at the Town Creek site, North Carolina. 145 33. Reconstructed corncrib at the Chucalissa site, Memphis, Tennessee. 146 34. A harquebusier with a lighted matchcord. 147 35. Devils carrying away a naked Indian. 154 36. Freshwater pearls from the Hixon site, Hamilton County, Tennessee. 157 37. How the Indians were reputed to have extracted gold from streams in the "Apalatcy Mountains." 158 38. Quartz crystals from the Toqua site, Monroe County, Tennessee. 161 39. Cut mica discs from Cofitachequi. 162 40. Native copper ax from Long Island, Roane County, Tennessee. 163 41. Sixteenth-century Spanish misconceptions about the geography of North America. 171 42. Timucuan warriors desecrating their enemy dead. 178 43. Locations and movements of certain Southeastern Indians ca. 1700. 186 viii Illustrations ...

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