Notes Preface 1. The Union Missionary Society grew out of the Amistad Committee, which had been formed in 1839 to collect funds to instruct and engage counsel for forty-two Africans charged with mutiny aboard the slaver Amistad. John Quincy Adams and Roger S. Baldwin successfully argued the captives' case before the United States Supreme Court. When the Africans set sail for their homeland, they were accompanied by Amistad missionaries. The missionaries were soon transferred to the Union Missionary Society. Under its aegis a mission was formed at Kaw Mendi, West Africa. The Committee for West Indian Missions was organized in 1837 to assist recently freed Jamaican slaves. The Western Evangelical Missionary Society was organized in 1843 with the primary object of carrying on mission work among western Indians. For a detailed study of the organization and prewar activities of the AMA, see Clifton H. Johnson, "The American Missionary Association, 1846-1861: A Study of Christian Abolitionism" (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina, 1958). 2. History of the American Missionary Association with Facts and Anecdotes Illustrating Its Work in the South, 2d ed. (New York, 1874),3-5; Maxine D. Jones, "'A Glorious Work': The American Missionary Association and Black North Carolinians, 1863-1880" (Ph.D. diss., Florida State University, 1982), v-vi; Clara M. De Boer, "The Role of Afro-Americans in the Origins and Work of the American Missionary Association, 1839-1877" (Ph.D. diss., Rutgers University, 1973), 12. 3. Robin W. Winks, The Blacks in Canada (New Haven, 1971), 224-27; History of the American Missionary Association, 9-10; Jones, "'A Glorious Work,'" vi; Fred L. Brownlee, New Day Ascending (Boston, 1946), 53-54; S. S. Adair to S. S. Jocelyn, 21 October, 16 November 1854, S. Blanchard to S. S. Jocelyn, 23 April, 6June 1860, American Missionary Association Archives, Amistad Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (cited hereafter as AMAA); American Missionary 17 (November 1873): 241. 263 264 Notes Chapter 1. A Grand Field for Missionary Labor 1. Augustus Field Beard, A Crusade of Brotherhood: A History of the American Missionary Association (Boston, 1909), 117-18; American Missionary 5 (July 1861): 163; American Missionary 6 (January 1862): 14. 2. Butler had declared men working on Confederate fortifications contrabands of war. Women and children did not fit that category, but were permitted to stay. Finally, on July 6, recognizing what Butler had already done, Congress enacted a law providing that slaveholders who allowed slaves to be used in any military capacity against the United States forfeited their claim to the labor of those slaves. 3. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 128 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1880-1901), series 1, vol. 2, pp. 649-51; Edward Pierce, "The Contrabands of Fortress Monroe," Atlantic Monthly 8 (November 1861): 627-30; Richard S. West, Lincoln 's Scapegoat General: A Life of Benjamin F. Butler, 1818-1893 (Boston, 1965), 84; B. F. Butler to S. Cameron, 30 July 1861, Simon Cameron Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 4. Many of the contrabands were working on entrenchments at nearby Hampton, Virginia. The women were washing and sewing for soldiers. But in early August an impending Confederate attack forced Butler to move the contrabands to Fortress Monroe. M. Weber to B. F. Butler, 8 August 1861, Benjamin F. Butler Papers, Library of Congress; Harper's Weekly 5 (24 August 1861): 531. 5. L. Tappan to B. Butler, 8 August 1861, B. Butler to L. Tappan, 10 August 1861, L. Tappan to B. Butler, 14, 17 August 1861, Benjamin F. Butler Papers. 6. Mrs. Peake was paid $1.50 per week by the AMA. American Missionary (Supplement) 5 (1 October 1861): 242-45; American Missionary 5 (November 1861): 256; L. C. Lockwood to Dear Brethren, 15 March 1862, AMAA; Robert F. Engs, Freedom's First Generation: Black Hampton, Virginia, 1861-1890 (Philadelphia, 1979), xvii, 47; Samuel L. Horst, "Education for Manhood: The Education of Blacks in Virginia During the Civil War" (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1979), 117-19. 7. Lewis C. Lockwood, Mary S. Peake: The Colored Teacher at Fortress Monroe (New York, 1969), 5-15; Horst, "Education for Manhood," 12-13; L. C. Lockwood to G. Cheever, 29 January 1862, George B. Cheever Papers, American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass.; L. C. Lockwood statement, 2 September 1862, AMAA. 8. Lockwood, Mary S. Peake, 32-39; American Missionary 5 (December 1861): 289; M. S. Peake to S. S. Jocelyn, n...