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1.1. Will Carleton McKern, 1939 6 1.2. Will Carleton McKern, 1925 7 2.1. Symmetrical hierarchical classi¤cation producing eight classes 23 2.2. Asymmetrical hierarchical classi¤cation producing seven classes 23 2.3. Hypothetical ¤ve-level taxonomic classi¤cation of projectile points 24 2.4. Hypothetical taxonomic classi¤cation with unweighted characters and character states 26 2.5. Twelve entities differing in shape, size, and shading 26 2.6. Unweighted, symmetrical taxonomic classi¤cation 27 2.7. Model of differentia and other characters of two genera and six species 30 2.8. Nested (aggregative) structure of the Linnaean biological taxonomy 35 2.9. Positional-structure hierarchy of descent for four generations of related women 36 2.10. Hierarchical structures showing phylogeny and the relationships of higher and lower taxa 38 2.11. Differences and similarities between a model of phylogenetic relationships and a model of formal similarity 40 2.12. Hypothetical phenogram showing the arrangement of nine taxa 45 2.13. Kinds of characters and their relationship to determination of phylogenetic history 47 3.1. W. C. McKern’s system of taxonomic units and the Linnaean biological taxonomy for the Class Mammalia, Order Artiodactyla 79 3.2. Alignment of a taxonomic classi¤cation of organisms and a taxonomic classi¤cation of artifacts 91 3.3. Status of a culture trait as determinant, diagnostic, or linked 93 4.1. Thorne Deuel’s midwestern taxonomic method 111 Illustrations 4.2. Units compared on the categorization of traits as diagnostic, linked, or determinant 114 4.3. Analytical relations within the midwestern taxonomic method 126 4.4. System of units comprising the midwestern taxonomic method 128 4.5. Determinant traits of a phase change 129 5.1. Models of cultural change 151 5.2. System of roots, stems, branches, and phases 161 5.3. Model of pottery evolution 167 5.4. Interrelationships of components, phases, traditions, and horizons 176 6.1. How to operationalize the midwestern taxonomic method 188 16.1. How to integrate units of the midwestern taxonomic method with temporal data and ethnographic data 265 viii / Illustrations ...

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