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The available archaeological data from the Greater Antilles, the Lucayan Islands ,and the Virgin Islands match the linguistic data discussed in the previous chapters remarkably well. As Rouse (1986, 1992), Kozlowski (1975), and Veloz Maggiolo (1976) have recently summarized, the earliest known human occupation of the Antilles is that de¤ned by the Lithic Age complexes of Cuba and Hispaniola—called Casimiroid by Rouse, Seboruco-Mordán by Kozlowski, and Mordanoid by Veloz Maggiolo—with an approximate initiation date of 4,000 b.c. All the sites of this early lithic series are so closely related that they have been placed into a single subseries, the Casimiran, which expresses itself locally through the Seboruco site and people in Cuba, the Cabaret site and people in Haiti, and the Casimira and Barrera-Mordán sites and people in the Dominican Republic (Rouse 1992:13–15). Though initially thought to be limited to the two largest islands of the Greater Antilles, Gus Pantel has located a Casimiroid site in Puerto Rico at Cerillo, just across the Mona Passage from the eastern end of Hispaniola (Pantel 1988:70–75). There is no clear indication of further extension of the earlier Casimiroid peoples—approximately 4190–2165 b.c.— into Jamaica, the Greater Antillean Outliers (the Lucayan Islands and the Cayman Islands), or the Lesser Antilles. Though an origin on the Colombian or Venezuelan coast has been suggested for the Casimiroid culture and people (Veloz Maggiolo and Ortega 1976), the most probable origin for these lithic complexes lies in Belize and Honduras at approximately 7500 b.c. (Coe 1957, Hahn 1960:268–280, MacNeish 1982:38–48, Rouse 1986:129–134, Rouse 1992:51–57). As we have seen, the sparse Ciguayo language data also support a Central American origin for this tradition. A second migration into the Antilles, from the Guiana coastof SouthAmerica with an ultimate origin not unlikely in Falcón State on the Waroid-speaking Venezuelan littoral, began at approximately 2000 b.c. (Allaire 1997a:21, Rouse 1992:69, Wilbert 1957). From the earliest traces of the artifactual inventory of 4 The Primary Archaeological Correlates of Language Data from the Greater Antilles and Their Outliers these peoples at the Banwari Trace and Ortoire sites on Trinidad, the complex had reached that island by shortly before 5000 b.c. (Rouse 1992:62). This complex has been called Ortoiroid, after the Trinidadian type-site, and marks an Archaic Age complex of aceramic culture traits. We know from radiocarbon dates with a spread from 2150 b.c. to 190 a.d. (Rouse 1992:82)—at the Sugar Factory site on St. Kitts (2150 b.c.), the Jolly Beach site on Antigua (1775 b.c.), a site on Saba (1205 b.c.), fromsitesonVieques (1060 b.c.–190 a.d.), at the Krum Bay and Estate Betty’s Hope sites in the Virgin Islands (800–225 b.c.), and from the Coroso site in Puerto Rico (624 a.d.), as well as sites on St. Vincent— that Ortoiroid peoples and cultures had reached the edge of the Greater Antilles sometime before 1000 b.c., perhaps earlier (Figueredo 1976, 1987; Goodwin 1978; Gross 1976; Lundberg 1989, 1991; Rouse 1992:62; Rouse and Allaire 1979:114). These Lesser Antillean Archaic cultures are dif¤cult to characterize because of the small numbers of artifacts recovered, because there is so much variation from site to site, and because the artifactual inventory of most sites is not always typically Ortoiroid (Kozlowski 1980:71–74, Rouse 1986:132, Rouse 1992:62, Veloz Maggiolo and Ortega 1973). Most archaeologists working in the region attribute these diverse characteristics to a process of hybridization of Ortoiroid traits with traits from other sources, largely Casimiroid (Davis 1974:69–70, Veloz Maggiolo 1976), and Rouse (1986:106–107) reminds us to bear in mind that both transculturation and acculturation played as important a part in the development of Greater Antillean cultures as the physical migration of peoples. That there was either interaction between earlier Casimiroid peoples in the Lesser Antilles or borrowing of some lithic artifactual types and manufacturing techniques from Casimiroid peoples farther north in Puerto Rico seems clear from artifacts at the Jolly Beach site on Antigua and from sites on Vieques (Davis 1974, Lundberg 1989:165–169). Rouse (1992:68) refers to such cultures as “dual cultures,” one part of the duality being Ortoiroid, the other Casimiroid. The artifact inventory from the Cayo Cofresí site on Puerto Rico’s southern coast provides a particularly good...

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