Elements of German: Phonology and Morphology

CONTENTS

CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Phonetics 7 1.1 Speech organs 7 Figure 1: The speech organs 8 1.2 Speech sounds 13 1.2.1 Obstruents 16 1.2.2 Resonants 27 Table 1: Selected IPA consonant symbols 35 1.2.3 Vowels 36 Table 2: Selected IPA vowel symbols 48 1.3 Phonetic reading 1 51 1.4 Phonetic reading 2-English 52 1.5 Phonetic transcription-English 53 1.6 Phonetic reading 3-German and Low German 55 1.7 Tips on German spelling and pronunciation 56 1.8 Phonetic transcription-German 61 1.9 Phonetic reading 4-German 62 1.10 Phonetic reading 5-German 63 Chapter 2 Phonemics 65 2.1 Phonemic contrast (consonants) 65 Table 3: Consonant phonemes of German 69 2.2 Phonemic contrast (stressed vowels) 71 Table 4: Vowel phonemes of German 72 2.3 Segmental phonemes and allophones of German 73 2.4 Phonemic transcription 74 2.5 Suprasegmental phonemes 75 2.6 Phonemes and German orthography 81 2.7 Phonemic reading I-German 84 2.8 Phonemic reading 2-German 85 2.9 Phonemic reading 3-German 86 Chapter 3 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 Morphology 91 Preliminary remarks on syntax 91 Figure 2: Tree diagram of a German sentence 95 Morphological analysis 98 Bound roots 105 Noun morphology 106 Noun inflection 113 Table 5: Noun paradigms 114 Adjectival morphology 117 Table 6: Definite article and strong adjective inflection 119 Table 7: Weak adjective/adverb derivation 119 Pronominal morphology 120 Table 8: Personal pronouns 120 Table 9: Demonstrative and relative pronouns 121 Table 10: Interrogative pronouns 121 Verb morphology 122 Table 11: Primary inflectional endings 124 Table 12: Secondary inflectional endings 124 Table 13: Verb derivational and inflectional paradigms 127 Classification of strong verbs 128 Anomalous verbs 133 Morphological classes in German 133 Morphological analysis of a text 136 Suggested further readings Appendix I: Answers to exercises Phonetic transcription §1.5 Phonetic transcription §1.8 Phonemic contrasts §§2.1, 2.2 Phonemic transcription §2.4 Morphological analysis of a text Appendix II: Clear texts of reading exercises Phonetic reading §1.4 Phonetic, phonemic readings §§1.6, 2.7 Phonetic, phonemic readings §§1.9, 2.8 Phonetic, phonemic readings §§1.10, 2.9 137 139 139 139 140 140 142 147 147 148 149 150 Elements of German ...