Modernity and Progress: Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Orwell

Notes

INTRODUCTION 1. F. Scott Fitzgerald, “Winter Dreams,” in The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald, ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1989), 217–36. Cited passage 226. 2. George Santayana, “Later Speculations,” in Character and Opinion in the United States (1920; repr., Garden City: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1956), 86–102. Cited passages 99, 101. Emphasis added. 3. Marguerite Mooers Marshall, “F. Scott Fitzgerald, Novelist, Shocked by ‘Younger Marrieds’ and Prohibition,” in Conversations with F. Scott Fitzgerald, ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli and Judith S. Baughman (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004), 26–29. Cited passage 27. For an important discussion of Fitzgerald’s awareness of “philosophy” see Horst Kruse, “The Great Gatsby: A View from Kant’s Window—Transatlantic Crosscurrents,” The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review 2 (2003): 72–84, especially Notes, 81–82. 4. Sinclair Lewis, Babbitt (New York: Signet, 1980), 26. 5. F. Scott Fitzgerald, “Two For a Cent,” in Before Gatsby: The First Twenty-Six Stories, ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli and Judith S. Baughman (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 409–22. Cited passage 409–11. 6. Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown (San Diego: Harvest, 1957), 75. Originally published 1929. 7. Cited by Brian W. Aldiss in his introduction to H. G. Wells, The War of the Worlds (1898; repr., New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), xx. Discussion of the modern career of the Idea of Progress necessarily begins with Wells’s The Time Machine of 1895. There are many citations of Wells in F. Scott Fitzgerald Notes  on Authorship, ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli and Judith S. Baughman (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996) and in F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Life in Letters, ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli (New York: Touchstone, 1994). See “Such, Such Were the Joys,” in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, ed. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), 4:330–69. Orwell writes that “Ian Hay, Thackeray, Kipling and H. G. Wells were the favourite authors of my boyhood” (344). 8. Herbert Spencer, First Principles, in H. G. Wells, The Time Machine, ed. Nicholas Ruddick (Ontario: Broadview, 2001), 192–93. Originally published 1862. 9. Bertrand Russell, “Adaptation: An Autobiographical Epitome,” in The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell: 1903–59 (London: Routledge, 1992), 51–52. 10. Michael McGerr, A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America 1870–1920 (New York: Free Press, 2003), 77–117; 118–46. There was a large agenda: “to reshape adult behavior. . . . improve the living conditions of workers . . . modernize the agrarian way of life” and “to reconstruct childhood.” The eventual aim was “to remake Americans.” Cited passage 79. 11. Russell, “Adaptation: An Autobiographical Epitome,” 52. 12. Walter Lippmann, “Blind Spots and Their Value,” in Public Opinion (1922; repr., New York: Free Press, 1997), 69–75. Cited passages 71–72. 13. See Ronald Berman, “Cultural Drift: A Context for Fiction,” in Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and the Twenties (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001), 11–27. See Fitzgerald’s use of the term “drift” in the 1922 interview with Marguerite Mooers Marshall, “F. Scott Fitzgerald, Novelist,” 27. 14. Lionel Trilling, “The Bostonians,” in The Opposing Self (New York: The Viking Press, 1955), 108–13. 15. Cited phrases are from “The Ice Palace,” in The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald , 57, 58. 16. This citation is from Tender Is the Night in Milton R. Stern, “Tender Is the Night and American History,” in The Cambridge Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald, ed. Ruth Prigozy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 95–117. Cited passage 110. 17. Ernest Hemingway, “Mr. and Mrs. Elliot,” in Ernest Hemingway: The Short Stories (New York: Scribner, 1995), 161. 18. Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Morals (New York: Macmillan, 1929), 303. 19. Ibid., 304. Lippmann acknowledges many sources, which makes him useful as a compiler and reviewer of thought in the twenties. The cited phrase comes from Joseph Wood Krutch. It may be that Lippmann (223–24) had Hemingway in mind when he described a vanishing style of Americanism: the man who “holds himself to an ideal of conduct though it is inconvenient, unpro¤table, or dangerous to do so.” He does not “complain or ask for help in unavoidable or tri®ing calamities.” 20. Lionel Trilling, “Hemingway and His Critics,” in Speaking of Literature and 100  Notes to pages 3–5 Society (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980), 123–34...