Introduction 1. Rufus B. Spain, At Ease in Zion: Social History of Southern Baptists, 1865–1900 (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1967), 213–14. 2. Quoted in Bill Leonard, God’s Last and Only Hope: The Fragmentation of the Southern Baptist Convention (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1990), 3. 3. See Leonard, God’s Last and Only Hope, 15; and Nancy Ammerman, Baptist Battles: Social Change and Religious Con®ict in the Southern Baptist Convention (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990). Ammerman’s second chapter is entitled “From English Dissent to Southern Establishment.” 4. While there is a consensus among scholars that the South has changed dramatically , especially since World War II, there remains a healthy debate as to how much the region has lost its distinctiveness. As early as 1960, C. Vann Woodward wondered if there was not coming a time when it will be dif¤cult for southerners to say what it means to be southern. See C. Vann Woodward, The Burden of Southern History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1960), 3. For an opposing view, see Charles Roland, “The Ever-Vanishing South,” Journal of Southern History 48 (Feb. 1982). See also Leonard, God’s Last and Only Hope, 16–17. 5. David Morgan, The New Crusades, the New Holy Land: Con®ict in the Southern Baptist Convention (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996), 46. 6. David Stricklin, A Genealogy of Dissent: Southern Baptist Protest in the Twentieth Century (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1999). 7. Grant Wacker, Augustus H. Strong and the Dilemma of Historical Consciousness (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1985), 17. George Marsden writes, “This is not an exhaustive de¤nition, but it is economical and carefully framed.” Understanding Evangelicalism and Fundamentalism (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1991), 65 n. 7. 8. Leonard, God’s Last and Only Hope, 6; Samuel S. Hill Jr., “Fundamentalism Notes in the South,” in Perspectives in Churchmanship, ed. David M. Scholer (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1986), 49–52. 9. Leonard, God’s Last and Only Hope, 29, 38. 10. Ammerman, Baptist Battles, 74–75. 11. Leonard, God’s Last and Only Hope, 8; James Davison Hunter, Evangelicalism : The Coming Generation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 21. 12. Quoted in Morgan, New Crusades, 43–44. 13. Ammerman, Baptist Battles, 80. 14. Walter B. Shurden and Randy Shepley, eds. Going for the Jugular: A Documentary History of the SBC Holy War (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1996), xii. 15. Actually the presidency is open every year, but there has been a longstanding tradition of reelecting a president for a second one-year term. 1. Moving off the Plantation 1. See Stricklin, Genealogy of Dissent, especially chap. 6, “The ‘Return’ of Southern Baptist Fundamentalists: The Other Dissenters.” See also Leonard, God’s Last and Only Hope, for his discussion of the Grand Compromise, whereby moderates, until the 1980s, were able to keep the left and the right at bay in order to avoid con®ict and maintain a consensus on missions. Other works to consult for an understanding of the Southern Baptist controversy are Ammerman, Baptist Battles; and, for the most up-to-date history, Morgan, New Crusades. 2. James Leo Garrett Jr., E. Glenn Hinson, and James E. Tull, Are Southern Baptists Evangelicals? (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1983), 87. 3. Ibid., 104–5. For a discussion of Landmarkism, see H. Leon McBeth, The Baptist Heritage: Four Centuries of Baptist Witness (Nashville: Broadman, 1987), 446– 47; and Walter B. Shurden, Not a Silent People: Controversies That Have Shaped Southern Baptists (Macon, Ga.: Smyth and Helwys, 1995), 9–17. 4. See, for example, Wacker, Augustus H. Strong, 17. George Marsden, usually considered a leading authority on fundamentalists and evangelicals, writes, “This is not an exhaustive de¤nition, but it is economical and carefully framed.” Understanding Evangelicalism and Fundamentalism, 65 n. 7. 5. Garrett, Hinson, and Tull, Are Southern Baptists Evangelicals?, 165, 166. 6. Ibid., 167, 141. 7. This statement can be found in Kenneth L. Woodward et al., “Born Again! The Year of the Evangelicals,” Newsweek, 25 Oct. 1976, 76; and is quoted in full in Joel Carpenter, “Is ‘Evangelical’ a Yankee Word?: Relations between Northern Evangelicals and the Southern Baptist Convention in the Twentieth Century,” in Southern Baptists and American Evangelicals: The Conversation Continues, ed. David S. Dockery (Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1993), 78. Garrett, Hinson, and Tull also quote and critique the statement in Are Southern Baptists Evangelicals? 119. 8. H. Leon McBeth, “Baptist or Evangelical: One Southern...