When America Became Suburban

Index

263 I n d ex advertising, 140–41, 163 Advisory Committee on National Highway Program, 154 affluent society, 101–2 African Americans, xi, 6, 15–17, 21, 33–34, 38, 45, 79, 97–98, 144–45, 194; and local politics, 76; migration from South, 4, 45 agency, xv, 71 agglomeration, 4, 47, 52 agriculture, 45, 73–74 Akron (Ohio), 22, 53, 192 All-American cities, 146 Allegheny (Pennsylvania), 48–49 ambivalence, urban, 7–8, 23, 71–78, 84, 92, 97, 100, 122–23, 177; in Britain, 72; and race, 76–77, 137; and romanticism, 141; and suburbs, 76–77 American Century, 1, 10, 11, 13, 179, 182; and affluence, 102, 172; and American exceptionalism 180; and cities, 9, 18, 20, 26–27, 118, 147, 194; and exports , 163; and the frontier, 15; and global aspirations, 171, 191; and national identity, 181; and parasitic urbanization, 121; short American Century, ix, xi, xii–xiv, 17, 77, 173, 190, 195, 208n2; and suburbs, 34, 131, 147; and urbanity , 188; and way of life, 185, 196 American Destiny, 11. See also empire American dilemma, 16, 142 American Dream, 142, 145, 146, 159–60, 166, 169, 171; and global aspirations, 159 American National Exhibit, 166–69 Amsterdam, 61, 145 annexation, 29, 31, 44, 48–50, 176. See also consolidation antiurbanism. See ambivalence Argentina, 66 Arlington (Texas), 111 Atlanta, 111 atomic bomb, 147–55, 178; attack, 148–49; and city planning, 150–51, 157; defense against, 149–155; optimum size of city to avoid being a target of, 152 Augusta (Georgia), 31 Austin (Texas), 29, 30, 184 Australia, 63, 66 264 Index Austria, 61 automobile, 32–33, 44, 54, 108, 111–12; economic impact, 112; industry, 112; ownership, 59; as status symbol, 112 baby boom, 33, 36, 158 Baltimore (Maryland), 20, 24, 45, 77 Beard, Charles A., 13 Beijing, 66 Belgium, 45 Berlin, 63 Birmingham (Alabama), 28, 50 Birmingham (England), 63 blight, urban, 23, 80, 95 bohemia, 77, 135; beatniks, 141 Bombay, 66 boosterism, 71 Boston, 26, 30, 32, 47, 77, 96, 123, 132, 148, 180, 187, 192 Brazil, 67, 108, 191 Bretton Woods Agreement, 10, 103 Brooklyn (New York), 48 Brooklyn Heights (New York), 32 Brussels World’s Fair, 255n71 Bryn Mawr (Pennsylvania), 185 Buenos Aires, 66 Buffalo (New York), 2, 23–24, 27, 31, 63, 174, 176, 192–93 business: flight from city, 7, 98; remaining in city, 118 Calcutta, 66 Camden (New Jersey), 2 Canada, 15, 24, 149, 195 canal construction, 53 capital investment: private, 52–53, 88, 117–18; public, 91 capitalism, 9, 89–90, 97; and markets , 89–90; suburban bias, 87 central business district, 21, 81, 85, 130, 133 character, American. See identity Chicago, 6, 20, 26, 27, 31, 48, 54, 66, 77, 132, 135, 148, 180, 187, 192 children: and suburbs, 124–27, 129–30. See also family life China, 66 Cincinnati (Ohio), 26 circuits of capital, 223n36 cities: Canada, 63, 65–66, 72, 82; central, 33, 34–35, 43; industrial , ix–xiii, 2–3, 5, 17, 20, 23, 28, 37, 39, 43, 51, 61, 121, 145, 152, 174, 180, 190, 191; large, 20, 23, 24–28, 214n10, 215n16; medium-size, 28, 214n10; shrinking (see decline, urban); small, 28, 93, 214n10; Sunbelt, xi, xiii, 28–31, 36, 39, 44, 47, 59, 71, 100, 173, 175; Third World, 5; United Kingdom, 61–64; western Europe, 61–64 citizenship, 184, 187–89. See also democracy “Citty upon a Hill” (Winthrop), 72 city-regions, 193 civic engagement, 8; in suburbs, 130 civic virtue, 186–87 civil defense plans, 152, 157; fallout shelters, 142, 150 civil rights movement, 76, 137 Civil War, 13, 53, 145, 182 Clay, Lucius D., 154 Cleveland (Ohio), 20, 22–24, 27, 47, 63, 77, 174, 192–93 Cold War, x, xiii, 10, 14, 17, 84, 102, 104, 141, 143, 145–46, 147–57, 161, 165, 169, 172–73, 179, 181, 191 colonies, early, 31, 51, 72–73 Columbus (Ohio), 30, 50 Commonweal, 140 communism, 146, 155–57, 162, 164, 168, 170, 182, 191 community, 135 265 Index commuting, 36 comparisons, global, xii, xiv, 14–15, 16, 60–8, 70, 90, 102, 105, 145, 146–47, 160–61, 180, 195 conformity. See suburbs consolidation: Allegheny (Pennsylvania ), 48–49; Brooklyn, 48. See also annexation construction activity, 53, 58, 83–84. See also cycles, building consumer credit, 98–99, 112–13 consumerism, 13, 33, 108, 113–14, 118, 122, 127–28, 133, 141, 147, 169, 181; and...