Black Women against the Land Grab: The Fight for Racial Justice in Brazil

Index

197 INDEX Page references in italics refer to illustrations. activism, black: and Afro-Brazilian culture, 22, 24; gendered dimension of, xvii, 30, 75–81, 161–64; role of community in, 25; of Salvador, 35. See also antiracism resistance; grassroots organizations activism, black women’s: concerning land rights, 8, 148, 153, 163; effect on sexuality, 84, 85; family strategies in, 14; gendered dimension of, xvii, 30, 75–81; male perceptions of, 92; during military rule, 59; racial consciousness in, 26; relationship to black movement, 81–82, 85; spirituality in, 152–54, 156–61 activism, government-induced, 64 activists, black male, 161; political co-optation of, 163; sexism of, 164 activists, black women, xiv–xvii; in Brazilian urban communities, 151; challenges to hegemony, 160–66; defying of expectations, 168; in diaspora communities, 176–77; environmentalists, 158–59; ethics of, 160–61; invisibility of, 12–13, 166, 167; of Palestina , 14; personal transformations of, 165; public formations of, 58; racial identities of, 165; risks taken by, 161; spirituality of, 152–54, 156–61; strategies of, 150; struggle against police violence, 90; struggle for citizenship, 115; training for, 27; transformations of community, 165–66, 167; views of self, xvii activists, black women (Gamboa de Baixo), xvi, 13, 55–56, 58–68, 70–86; as agents of change, 167; antiexpulsion publications, 65–55; on cholera outbreak, 60–61; civil disobedience by, 79; on collective rights, 166; CONDER protest by, 77–79; Contorno Avenue Protest of, 55–56, 57, 121; on Contorno Revitalization Project, 62–63, 119; co-optation attempts toward , 163–64, 165; defying of expectations, 166–67; direct action by, 75–81; disruption of social order, 165–66; effect on community, 85, 165–66, 167–68; EMBASA protest, 76–77, 121–22, 160; financial freedom for, 84–85; gender identity of, 85–86; hostage taking by, 77–79; household responsibilities of, 146; housing activism of, 198 INDEX 148, 162–63, 165; international resources of, 65; in land rights debates, 169–71; mobilization as residents, 152, 167–68; motivations of, 63; municipal government building protest, 57; personal life projects of, 148; political anthem of, 63, 170; political empowerment of, 64; political identities of, 40–41, 79–81; racial formation of, 85–86; radical formation of, 80; recruiting efforts of, 63; resistance to police violence, 118–19, 121, 138; security concerns of, 91–92, 94–97; self-esteem among, 80–81, 83, 85; self-identity among, 152; and state police action, 91; UFBA work of, 66. See also Associação Amigos de Gegê Dos Moradores da Gamboa de Baixo Adriano (activist), 132, 133; flood damage problems, 98; meeting with Odebrecht, 145; participation in neighborhood association, 140–42; on police violence, 123 Africa: land expulsions in, 174–75; women landowners of, 156. See also diaspora, African African American women: Brazilian studies by, xiii–xiv agency, black Brazilian, xvii. See also black movements, Brazilian Agnelo, Cardinal Dom Geraldo Majella, 105 Alexander, M. Jacqui, 157 Alto das Pombas neighborhood (Salvador), 28 Alto de Ondina neighborhood (Salvador), 29; state interventions in, 33, 34; topography of, 33–34 Amado, Jorge: Sea of Death, 153 Amnesty International on stresses of violence, 136, 137–38 Angela (activist), 71, 106 Annan, Kofi, 174–75 anthropology: solidarity work through, xix–xxi antiracism resistance, xii, xiv–xvii, 21, 79; in black social movements , 157, 165; black women leaders of, xvi, 115; politics of, xvii. See also activism, black women’s; grassroots organizations Antônia (aunt of Telma dos Santos ), 2, 4 Archdiocese of Bahia: Gamboa de Baixo’s negotiations with, 101; property above Gamboa de Baixo, 99–101. See also Catholic Church Articulação de Comunidades em Luta Por Moradia (grassroots organization), 11; Como Salvador se faz, 27; Gamboa de Baixo residents in, 20; housing forum of, 13–14, 27; tour of Salvador, 27–35 Assies, Willem, 64 Associação Amigos de Gegê Dos Moradores da Gamboa de Baixo: on cholera outbreak, 60–61; Contorno Avenue protest , 55–56; Council for the Defense of Gamboa de Baixo, 118–20; EMBASA protest, 76–77; general assemblies of, 142–44; Grupo de Mulheres in, 80–81, 86; meetings of, 139–46; INDEX 199 meetings with Odebrecht, 101, 106, 141, 144, 145; participation in Iemanjá celebrations, 154; as political space, 167; transfer of land titles to, 169; women’s leadership of, 62–63. See also activists , black women (Gamboa de Baixo) Avé-Lellement, Robert, 7 Bahia (Brazil): black diaspora in, 7; celebration of colonialism, 53; cultural preservation...