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301 INDEX ABB. See African Blood Brotherhood Abbott, Robert S., 91 Abd el-Krim, 99 Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 233–34, 236 Abyssinian affair (1920), 91–92 academic world: Black scholars, 82; pseudoscience of racism in, 81–82 ACTC (American Consolidated Trades Council), 109, 111 Adams, Henry, 8 Addams, Jane, 113 Addis Ababa Conference of African Ministers (1963), 274, 299n4 adolescence: problem of race in, 34 affirmative action, 281 AFL. See American Federation of Labor Africa: Cape Town, experience in, 257–58; promoting trade union organization in, 156–57; South African question, 144–48, 149, 150 African Blood Brotherhood (ABB), x, xi, xiii, 70, 103–11, 162; Communist core of, 109; decline and absorption by Communist Party, 107, 108–9; first association with Black Communists in, 110–11; fraternization ritual, 104; history of, 104–7; main efforts of, 111; membership, 104–5; purpose of, 104; rejection of Garvey’s racial separatism, 106 African Motor Corps, 90 African National Congress (ANC), xii, 144, 145 agrarian crisis in 1950s, 272 Agricultural Adjustment Act, 215 Agricultural Workers Union, xvi, 198 agriculture: mechanization of, 281 Aitken, George, 234, 238, 245, 246 Alabama: Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–56) in, xi, 273, 274. See also Birmingham , Alabama; Scottsboro Boys case Albany, Georgia: battle of, 275 Alexander, Hursel, 250, 253, 256, 258, 259 Allen, Ernie, xxiii Allen, James S., 288n14, 298n8 Allen, Norval, 109 Allen, Robert L., 299n8 Allen, Theodore W., xxi, 242, 289n31 Allman, Chief (Chicago police), 219, 221 All-Southern Scottsboro Defense Conference , 168–70 Ambrose, Edith Rosepha, 288n15 American Communism and Soviet Russia (Draper), 292n5 American Consolidated Trades Council (ACTC), 109, 111 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 94, 97, 98; Chicago, 218; discriminatory policies of white, 109; no-strike pledge, 180 American Negro Labor Congress (ANLC), 118–20, 121; Anti-Lynching Conference called by (1930), 160, 162–64; launching of, 118–19 American Peace Mobilization, 248 American Railway Union, 75 American Samoas: experience in, 251 Amis, Ben, 160, 164, 168–69, 177 Amsterdam News (Black New York newspaper ), 104, 105, 190 Amtorg (Soviet trading organization in United States), 186 ANC (African National Congress), xii, 144, 145 302 Index Ancient Society (Morgan), 84, 99 Anglo-American Secretariat, 136, 144 Anglo-Saxon Clubs, 96 ANLC. See American Negro Labor Congress anticolonial movement, worldwide, 89 Anti-Imperialist League, 113 anti-imperialist movements of third world, 272 Anti-Lynching Conference called by ANLC (1930), 160, 162–64; manifesto and program of, 162, 163–64; purpose of, 163 antilynching movement, 210. See also lynching(s) Aptheker, Herbert, 290n2 Argonne Forest sector: fighting in trenches of, 52–53 armed self-defense: Black radical tradition of, x, xxii Armour, Philip D., 74 Armstrong, Frank, 212 Armwood, George, 210 Aryan mythology: scholars refuting, 87 Asian revolutionaries, xii Association for the Study of Negro History, 82 asthma, bouts of, 231 Atatürk, 99 atheism, 83 Atlanta, Georgia: Herndon arrest in (1932), 181–82; mobilization for relief in (1932), 181; visiting Ben Davis Jr. in, 200–202 Atlanta Independent (Black newspaper), 200 Atlanta Six, 162, 163 Austin, Reverend J. O., 217 Australia: experience in, 255–56 Back to Africa movement, Garvey’s, xiii, 70, 87–98, 115, 278; Abyssinian affair (1920) and, 91–92; African Black Brotherhood’s rejection of, 108; Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, 88–89; dual nationalism of Black masses and bourgeoisie reflected in, 94–95; followers of, 89–89; gap between NAACP policies and life needs of Black people revealed in, 90–91; Haywood’s rejection of, 92; opposition to, 91, 92; Otto’s report on, 142; role of Black veterans in, 90; significance of, 96–97 back-to-work movement: miners’ strike of 1931 and, 175–76 Baker, Rudy, 121, 162 Ballou, Officer (Black cop), 19 Baltimore, Corporal, 39–40, 44–45 Baltimore Anti-Lynch Conference (1933), 210 Bankole (African student in Moscow), 125, 128, 132–33, 135 Barnhart, Kenneth E., 297n16 Bartley, Numan V., 288n29 Bates, Ruby, 191, 296n4 Beans, String (comedian), 36 Beer Hall Putsch of Hitler’s brownshirts in Munich, 122 Belle (third wife), 268, 270 Bender, Ed, 230, 233, 234, 236 Bender, George, 243, 244 Benedict, Ruth, 82 Bennett, Lerone, Jr., 290n2 Bennett, Rose, 136 Bentley, Milo, 195, 196 Berger, Victor, 100 Berlin, Germany: visit to, 122–23 Bessie, Alvah Cecil, xix, 288n24 Bessie, Dan, 288n24 Bibb, Joseph, 110 Bilbo, Senator (Mississippi), 96 Billings, Warren K., 177, 295n1 Bingham, Officer (Black cop), 17, 19 Birmingham, Alabama: as center for party drive, 193; civil rights movement in, 275; organizing in, 192–200...

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