Loving Animals: Toward a New Animal Advocacy

Notes

Introduction 1. I am indebted to Leslie Irvine’s work for this concept of connection, a notion that includes love and emotion, but also points toward a broader affect that could capture understanding and commitment. See Irvine, If You Tame Me. See also Harbolt, Bridging the Bond. 2. Many new works in science support these assertions. See Balcombe, Pleasurable Kingdom Animals and the Nature of Feeling Good; Bekoff, The Emotional Lives of Animals, Animals Matter, and Minding Animals; Masson, Dogs Never Lie about Love. 3. See, for example, Shepard, Coming Home to the Pleistocene; Berger, About Looking; Mason, An Unnatural Order. 4. For an extended conversation on naturecultures, see Haraway, The Companion Species Manifesto. 5. White, “The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crises,” 1206. 6. Haraway, When Species Meet, 85. 7. McElroy, Animals as Teachers and Healers, 98. 8. Williams Bianco, The Velveteen Rabbit. 219 NOTES 1. What’s behind Animal Advocacy? 1. For a more complete understanding of animal rights in this sense, see the essays in part I of Sunstein and Nussbaum, Animal Rights. See also McKenna and Light, eds., Animal Pragmatism. Although animal pragmatism is not exactly the same as animal rights in this weak sense, the essays in this book shed light on the limitations of certain formulations of rights and offer concrete solutions to stronger agendas. 2. See Regan, The Case for Animal Rights and Empty Cages. There are many different formulations of animal rights, of course, and a full review of their philosophical differences is beyond the scope of this book. For other models, see Cavalieri and Singer, The Great Ape Project; Cavalieri, The Animal Question; Dunayer, Speciesism; Hall, Capers in the Churchyard; Patterson, Eternal Treblinka; Wise, Rattling the Cage. For a model of animal rights based on a contractual theory of rights, see Rowlands, Animals Like Us. 3. Francione, Rain without Thunder, Introduction to Animal Rights, and Animals as Persons. 4. See, e.g., Marjorie Spiegel, The Dreaded Comparison. 5. For introductory writings of these women see Goodall, In the Shadow of Man and Fossey, Gorillas in the Mist. Although much has been written by and about these women, one of my favorite overviews is Sy Montgomery, Walking with the Great Apes. 6. In speaking about animal welfare here, I refer to the way welfare is used in the general public. There are several excellent books and thinkers that advocate welfare in a much stronger vein than the common one. See Preece and Chamberlain, Animal Welfare and Human Values; Rothfels, Representing Animals ; Scully, Dominion; and Rachels, Created from Animals. 7. For a paradigm that supports my separation of welfare and utilitarianism , see DeGrazia, Animal Rights. 8. Francione, Rain without Thunder. 9. Jamieson, Singer and His Critics. 10. For further elaboration on this point, see Rollin, Animal Rights and Human Morality. 11. Singer, Practical Ethics, 60. 12. Ibid., 26. 13. Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women, 152. 14. Wolfe, Animal Rites, 1. 15. See Regan, Empty Cages. 220 NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 2. The Love of a Dog 1. Grier, Pets in America. 2. Brady and Palmeri, “The Pet Economy.” 3. Haraway, The Companion Species Manifesto. 4. Haraway, When Species Meet. 5. Wolfe, Animal Rites. 6. Welty, “Animal Law.” 7. The organization In Defense of Animals (IDA) advocates for and monitors these shifts. IDA, The Guardian Campaign. 8. For critiques of pet keeping, see Nast, “Critical Pet Studies?” and “Loving Whatever”; Tuan, Dominance and Affection. 9. For histories of pre-Stonewall lesbian experience, see Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers; Kennedy and Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold. 10. Donovan and Adams, The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics and Beyond Animal Rights. 11. It is beyond the scope of this book to review the literature of feminist care theory, or to rehearse the complex feminist theory debates about essentialism , constructionism, radical feminism, and postmodern feminism. Readers interested in animals will find these conflicts off topic, I believe.That said, there are aspects of care theory that deeply resonate with the kind of “connection” I call for in this book. While to some extent I quarrel with both the foundations of care theory (briefly that women are essentially more caring creatures) and with the outcome of care theory (that animals are not ours to use), the impulse behind feminist care ethics is very attractive because it places the weight of social change in the a...