Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination

INDEX

[ 259 ] Aarons, Leroy, 250n67 Abrahamsen, David, 246n3 Abrams, Fred, 170 Abron, JoNina M., 97, 142, 199n14, 205n62, 217n33 access to healthcare services, 8, 10, 14–15, 20, 181; “inclusion-anddifference ” paradigm in 1970s, 21, 186; Party’s amended tenpoint platform and, 73; spatial segregation and psychic distance as hurdle to, 78. See also institution building; People’s Free Medical Clinics; trusted experts acupuncture, 71, 182 Affordable Care Act (2010), ix African American health-focused activism (pre-1966), 23–48; institution building, 24–36; integrationism, 25, 36–42; long-standing tradition of, 8–9, 15–17; politics of knowledge, 25–26, 42–47, 153. See also Black Panther Party health politics African Americans: citizenship contradiction for, 10–11, 184 African culture: collective political memories of, 215n17; cultural nationalism and, 50–55, 72 African Legion, 32 African origins: framing of sickle cell anemia in relation to, 134–35, 238n70 Afro-American Association, 53 Afrocentricity, 239n72 Alameda County Lung Association, 152 Algeria: Fanon’s analysis of medical oppression in colonial, 65, 67–69 Allison, Anthony C., 134, 239n71 Alprentice Bunchy Carter People’s Free Medical Clinic (Los Angeles ), 62, 90, 99–100, 102, 103–9, 113, 226n65 ambulance service, 6, 110, 111, 201n15, 232n178 American Cancer Society, 152 INDEX [ 260 ] index American Dental Association, 211n86 American Hospital Association, 211n86 American Jewish Congress, 211n93 American Journal of Acupuncture, 71 American Medical Association (AMA), 13, 211n86; segregated practices of, 27; struggles to integrate, 34, 40–41, 42, 210n73 American Nursing Association (ANA), 211n86; struggles to integrate, 40, 41–42 American Red Cross, 152; Black Cross Nurses as alternative to, 32; exclusion of black nurses from, 209n50, 209n54 “America’s Racist Negligence in Sickle Cell Research Exposed by Its Victims” (Black Panther), 136–37 AmeriCorps, 55 Anderson, Reynaldo, 230n131 Anekwe, Simon, 231n140 Angela Davis People’s Free Food Program, 58 Anthony, Earl, 222n112 antimiscegenation legislation: sickle cell anemia and, 136, 240n78 “Anti-War, African Liberation, Voter Registration Survival Conference ” (Oakland Auditorium, 1972), 142 Appiah, Anthony, 187, 257n21 “Appropriating the Idioms of Science: The Rejection of Scientific Racism” (Stepan and Gilman), 43–44 Arend, Orissa, 257n7 Arendt, Hannah, 10 armed militancy, 61–62; shift from self-defense to selfdetermination , 61–64, 72–73, 217n33 Armour, Norma, xiv, 71, 78, 84, 85, 88, 95, 201n15, 224n22; on activists’ healthcare needs, 94; application for LEAA funding, 179; on clinic hours, 100; on donations to clinics, 104; grant writing for funding, 105, 179, 222n120; lasting effect of Party involvement on, 182; on public funding for PFMCs, 105; on self-help reproductive healthcare , 89; on shigella outbreak at Oakland Community School, 94 Association of Black Cardiologists, 185 Atkinson, Byron H., 251n78 Atlanta Compromise speech (1895), Washington’s, 29–30 Atlanta University, conferences convened by Du Bois at, 45 Austin, Curtis J., 200n5 authentic expertise, 129, 237n55 Autobiography of Malcolm X, The (Malcolm X), 221 Avery, Paul, 250n66 Ayala, Elaine, 235n34 Baker, Ella, 7 Baker, Lee D., xii, 198n12 Baker, Robert B., 211n95 Barber, Albert A., 255n112 Barber, J. B., 251n75 “barefoot doctors” initiative: People’s Republic of China, 65, 70, 71, 222n119 BCNs. See Black Cross Nurses Beach, Douglas J., 241n99 Beardsley, Edward H., 206n3 Beck, Glenn, x behavior modification experiments , 20, 173, 178. See also psychosurgery Beilenson, Anthony C., 173, 177, 253n88, 253n94, 254n103 index [ 261 ] Benford, Robert D., 203n40 Berkeley Free Clinic, 83, 84 Berkeley PFMC. See George Jackson People’s Free Medical Clinic Bernstein, Adam, 235n36 BiDil: differential efficacy by race of, 185, 186, 187 biocultural broker: Party as, 84, 225n39 biological citizenship, 120, 148, 184–85, 234n10, 245n162 biological determinist model of social aggression, 162, 164 biologically essentialist theories, Jensen’s, 165 biologization of violence, contesting, xii, 20, 153–80; coalition for, 154, 157–59; hearings before California Senate Committee on Health and Welfare and, 171–77; preventing medicalization of violence, 155; specific troubling research projects and, 162–64, 173–75 bio-medicalization: transition between medicalization and, 256n118; of violence, 179 biomedical racialization, 21, 187; politics of knowledge and disruption of, 25–26 biomedicine: history of racial formation in, 212n105; medical apartheid in, xi; politics of knowledge and, 42–48; potential abuse from exposure to biomedical power, 20, 69; shift from medicine to, 59 Biondi, Martha, 201n18 biopower, 133, 238n63 Bird, Joan, 228n94 Bischoff Medical, 102 Black, Edwin, 144, 242n107 black communities: gendering of caretaking in, 207n13; institution building and, 27, 28; sickle cell anemia activism and Party legitimacy in, 116...