Cape Town after Apartheid: Crime and Governance in the Divided City

Notes

197 Notes Introduction 1. Zama Femi, “Gang Wars Take Heavy Toll on Cape Matrics,” Cape Argus, December 29, 2006. 2. Matt Medved, “Cops to Fight Gangsterism in Primary Schools,” Cape Argus, May 29, 2007. 3. A’eysah Kassiem, “Crime Wave Engulfing Schools,” Cape Times, May 18, 2007. 4. Aziz Hartley, “Rasool Unveils Plan to Fight Gangs and Drugs,” Cape Times, May 23, 2007; Candes Keating, “High-Risk Schools to Get Top Security Measures,” Cape Argus, February 8, 2007. 5. Rafaella delle Donne, “City’s Heart Is Hardening, Say Homeless,” Cape Argus, July 15, 2007. 6. Tony Roshan Samara, “Development, Social Justice and Global Governance : Challenges to Implementing Restorative and Criminal Justice Reform in South Africa,” Acta Juridica (2007): 113–33. 7. David McDonald, World City Syndrome: Neoliberalism and Inequality in Cape Town (London: Routledge Press, 2007). 8. James DeFilippis, Unmaking Goliath: Community Control in the Face of Global Capital (New York: Routledge, 2003); David Harvey, “From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism,” Geografiska Annaler B. 71 (1989): 3–17. 9. Neil Smith, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (New York: Routledge, 1996); Gordon MacLeod, “From Urban Entrepreneurialism to a ‘Revanchist City’? On the Spatial Injustices of Glasgow’s Renaissance,” Antipode 34, no. 3 (2002): 602–24 . 10. Throughout the book I will use the basic racial categories employed by the Census: black African, coloured, Asian, and white. However, in distinction from the Census terminology, I use the term black standing alone as distinct from African to refer to all nonwhites. In terms of the category of youth, definitions can vary between countries and between government departments and nongovernmental organizations. At times the term is used fairly loosely, even in government documents and official reports, and at other times quite specifically. The 198 · Notes to INtroductIoN United Nations defines youth as between the ages of 15 and 24, and this is the definition that I will use unless otherwise noted or unless referring to a different definition employed by another party. 11. While not absent from the study of cities and urban governance, these shifts generally receive more attention from researchers working in the disciplines of political science, international relations, and critical security studies than they do from urban scholars. See Sandra J. MacLean, David R. Black, and Timothy M. Shaw, eds., A Decade of Human Security: Global Governance and New Multilateralisms (Burlington, Vt: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2006); Caroline Thomas and Peter Wilkins, eds., Globalization, Human Security, and the African Experience (Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishing, 1998); Robert Cox, ed., The New Realism: Perspectives on Multilateralism and World Order (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997). As always, there are exceptions to the general neglect of the geopolitical in urban studies. See, for example, Stephen Graham, ed., Cities, War, and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics (Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishing, 2004). 12. See United States of America, National Security Council, Countering Piracy off the Horn of Africa: Partnership and Action Plan (Washington, D.C., December 2008); http://www.marad.dot.gov/documents/Countering_ Piracy_Off_The_Horn_of_Africa_-_Partnership__Action_Plan.pdf (accessed November 11, 2010); Max Manwaring, Street Gangs: The New Urban Insurgency (Carlisle, Pa: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2005). 13. Commission on Human Security, “Human Security Now,” Final Report on the Commission on Human Security (New York, 2003). http://www.humansecurity-chs. org/finalreport/index.html (accessed November 11, 2010); Mahnaz Afkhami, Kumi Naidoo, Jacqueline Pitanguy, and Aruna Rao, “Human Security: A Conversation,” Social Research 69 (2002): 657–73; Anwarul Karim Chowdhury, “Human Security: A Broader Dimension,” keynote address, Fourth United Nations Conference on Disarmament Issues (Kyoto, Japan, July 27, 1999). 14. United Nations Development Programme, “Human Development Report 1994: New Dimensions of Human Security” (New York: Author, 1994); Kenneth Booth, ed., New Thinking about Strategy and International Security (New York: Harper Collins, 1991); Barry Buzan, People, States, and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post–Cold War Era (Boulder, Colo: Lynne Reinner Publishers, 1991). 15. “Relieve African Poverty or Reap Terror, Warns Blair,” Cape Times, February 7, 2002; “Ignore Poor at Your Own Peril, UN Head Tells World Business Leaders,” Cape Times, February 5, 2002; Mzwandile Faniso, “Nepad Leads the Way, Says World Bank’s Wolfensohn,” Business Report, March 7, 2002. 16. Jeffry Sachs, “Keeping Their Word,” Nepali Times, March 22–28, 2002: 11. Notes to INtroductIoN · 199 17. Robert Cox, interview by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Radio...