The City as Campus: Urbanism and Higher Education in Chicago

Notes

■ 203 Notes Introduction 1. In the United States, both “colleges” and “universities” are institutions of higher education. Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, in general, colleges only award undergraduate (bachelor’s) degrees, whereas universities are research oriented and award both undergraduate and graduate (master’s, professional, and Ph.D.) degrees. A number of the institutions cited in this book began as colleges and expanded to become universities; not all changed their names in the process. Often further complicating these designations, many universities are constituted as collections of colleges or professional schools. 2. Bill Readings, The University in Ruins (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), 172. 3. Ibid., 19. 4. See, for example, Thomas Bender, “Scholarship, Local Life, and the Necessity of Worldliness,” in The Urban University and Its Identity: Roots, Locations, Roles, ed. Herman van der Wusten (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998), 17–28. 5. Paul Venable Turner, Campus: An American Planning Tradition (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984), 4. 6. Kurt W. Forster, “From Catechism to Calisthenics: Cliff Notes [sic] on the History of the American Campus,” Architecture California 15 (May 1993): 67–68. 7. Thomas Bender, ed., The University and the City: From Medieval Origins to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 294. 8. See, for example, Morton White and Lucia White, The Intellectual versus the City: From Thomas Jefferson to Frank Lloyd Wright (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press and MIT Press, 1962). In some, although not all, instances, the Whites interpret a dislike of the state of a city with an antiurban position. 9. Bender, The University and the City, v, 3. 10. Turner, Campus, 4. Note that Turner is somewhat circumspect on the origin of the term “campus.” The Oxford English Dictionary gives its origin to Princeton. 11. Bender, The University and the City, 290. 12. “Campus: A Place Apart” was the title of an episode of Robert A. M. Stern’s Pride of Place series on PBS in 1985. See also Robert A. M. Stern, Pride of Place: Building the American Dream (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986). 13. Bender, The University and the City, 290. 14. Myra Jehlen, American Incarnation: The Individual, the Nation, and the Continent (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), 20. 15. Barbara Hadley Stanton, “Cognitive Standards and the Sense of Campus,” Places 17 (Spring 2005): 38. 204 ■ Notes to Chapter 1 16. See, for example, Daniel Bluestone, Constructing Chicago (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991); William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991); and Donald L. Miller, City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996). 17. Carl Smith, Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 4. 18. Ibid., 8. 19. From the film Chicago Circle Overview: A New Kind of Community (Chicago: New Student Orientation Committee, in cooperation with the Office of Instructional Resources, UICC, 1965). This film was created to serve as an introduction to the UICC upon the students’ move to this newly opened campus. 1. New Institutions for a New Environment 1. J. B. Edmund, The Magnificent Charter: The Origin and Role of the Morrill LandGrant Colleges and Universities (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press, 1978), xvi. 2. Because states could determine how to allocate their grants, not all landgrant schools were established de novo. Instead, some states applied their funds to enlarge or encourage existing private and public institutions. 3. See, for example, Turner, Campus; Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (1959; repr., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964); and White and White, The Intellectual versus the City. 4. See, for example, “Demography: Chicago as Modern World City,” The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago (2005), www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/962. html (last accessed June 2007); and www.census.gov/history/pdf/History_1890. pdf (last accessed August 2010). Chicago was platted in 1830 and incorporated as a town in 1833, after the Blackhawk War in 1832 ended Native American resistance to settlement. 5. Florence Kelley, “I Go to Work,” Survey Graphic 67 (June 1, 1927): 274. 6. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 1920), 1. 7. Ibid., 2. 8. Ibid., 4. See also Thomas Bender, Toward an Urban Vision: Ideas and Institutions in Nineteenth-Century America (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1975). 9. Cronon...