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201 Notes Introduction 1. Pseudonyms are applied in all cases for individuals quoted or discussed, except in cases where individuals and their actions have been previously identified in the news media. 2. In 2000 a German owner of lands in the center of Sambo Creek was jailed because his watchmen shot and killed a Garifuna resident who walked on his lands. The German was given the option of leaving Honduras permanently or spending a set amount of time in a Honduran prison. The man opted for the latter. 3. By the time I returned the following year, the Garifuna had been fully prohibited from entering Cayo Menor when research tourists were present. Significantly, the largest Garifuna population in the Cayos Cochinos resides on an island cay without water (called Chachahuate), and Cayo Menor serves as one of their water sources, as well as potential hunting grounds and location for timber. 4. With this growth in mind, some have argued that the desire to become competitive within the global tourism market creates an urgency to develop protected areas (Büscher and Dressler 2007). Chapter One: Identity, Labor, and the Banana Economy 1. On April 12, 2002, I attended the 205th anniversary celebration of Garifuna presence on the coast, at the headquarters of the Organización de Desarrollo Étnico Comunitario (ODECO) in La Ceiba. The keynote speaker was Santos Centeno García, Garifuna historian and author (Centeno García 1997). There were approximately a hundred individuals present, Garifuna men and women from surrounding communities, a group from a local high school (all mestizo youth), three music and dance troupes from nearby communities who were to perform that evening, and several activists and ODECO supporters from Honduras and abroad. In recounting Garifuna history, Centeno García spoke of a Portuguese shipwreck, describing how Africans who were destined for slavery swam to freedom on the island of St. Vincent, where they became integrated into Carib society. Varieties of shipwreck accounts circulate, with differing ports of origin and dates of the shipwreck. The significance of this origin narrative—like the pre-Columbian account—is that it sets up the Garifunas’ history of resistance to enslavement and oppression. 202 • Notes 2. There has not been sufficient research on how the Garifuna viewed their position in this time period. In his discussion of ethnic politics, Anderson (2009:89–91) cites a letter written by a Garifuna man named Sixto A. Cacho, in which he identifies commonalities between the Garifuna and the mestizo population. Cacho writes that the Garifuna share a history of racial intermixture that dates back to the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. His letter emphasizes the shared oppression of Garifuna and mestizos (“latinos”) under the fruit companies, and he advocates solidarity of Hondurans against foreign domination (Anderson 2009:90–91). He points out that despite phenotypic similarities, the Garifuna share more in common with the mestizo worker than with the West Indians, who were the foreign companies’ “preferred workers ” and received the better jobs. As he does mestizo Hondurans, Cacho asserts the Garifuna as authentic Hondurans and argues that they are entitled to the same rights and privileges. Chapter Two: Development and Territorialization on the North Coast 1. The war became known as the Soccer War, because it was triggered by abusive treatment of the Honduran team during a World Cup qualifying game in San Salvador. Although the war lasted only five days, it had serious effects, including Honduras’s withdrawal from and the subsequent collapse of the Central American Common Market, as well as continued border incidents. 2. The 1954 Great Banana Strike is often cited as igniting popular organizing in Honduras. The strike began when Honduran banana workers for United Fruit were refused overtime wages for loading a boat on a Sunday. Nearly thirty thousand workers at other American-owned enterprises later joined them. The strike lasted for three months and eventually shut down 60 percent of the national economy (Norsworthy and Barry 1993). 3. While Garifuna organizations and their media supporters often talk about Article 107 as if it was written to protect Garifuna lands, this constitutional article was not established for that purpose. More likely, it was created to protect the nation’s sovereignty after a century of wars with neighboring countries. Within the last century, Honduras has been at war with all three of its neighbors, the most recent of which was the infamous Soccer War in 1969. This constitutional prohibition against foreign ownership existed in both the 1956...

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