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177 Index action research: community, 3; critical, 103–105, 115; Indigenous, 120, 124, 135; teacher, 60–61, 103; mentioned, 3, 124, 131 Alaska Native languages, 1, 7, 12 assessment: authentic, 22, 22, 101, 108, 110, 115–116; dynamic, 110; funds of knowledge and, 102; standardized, 22, 23, 103, 104, 109, 111–115, 117, 159– 160; technology and, 61, 65; mentioned , 4, 10, 11, 13, 14, 21, 25, 52, 99. See also under immersion education bilingualism, 2, 12, 13 collaborative activity. See joint activity collaborative learning, 13, 14, 26, 44, 58– 60, 64, 81–82, 113, 115, 116, 139; in mentoring, 29, 29–30, 31, 36–38 ; mentioned, 12, 64, 72, 109. See also Indigenous pedagogy; joint activity collaborative research, 10–11, 27, 31, 74– 75, 120, 124, 137–138; mentioned, 12, 73, 98, 101, 139; communicative action, 31, 74–75, 141– 142 community of learners, 5, 102–103, 104, 106, 107, 107–109, 110, 117, 137 comprehensible input, 54–56; role of elders in, 18, 67 computer assisted language learning, 51, 52–56, 71, 71–72, 72n1; Indigenous language learning and, 57, 65–66; podcasts in, 19, 56, 60, 67–70, 90–91 computer mediated communication, 55– 56, 70, 72; voice over Internet protocols (Skype) in, 55, 60, 70 constructivism: in grounded theory, 39, 121, 137; in pedagogy, 51, 56, 58–60 critical pedagogy, 2–3, 79–80, 84, 85, 86; mentioned, 76 critical theory, 75, 103, 120; TribalCrit, 120; critical race theory, 120 dance. See Yup’ik dance dialogic engagement, 3; in assessment, 110; in mentoring, 32; in pedagogy, 73–74, 80, 83–84, 98 discourse, 42, 46; Discourse, 75, 78, 104, 105 English: assessments, 22, 23, 101, 103; instruction in, 2, 9, 14–25 passim, 35, 67, 70, 126, 127, 159–160; limited 178 • Index English proficient, 6, 19, 25; local varieties of, 6, 18, 21, 24; as second language , 2, 9, 38, 53; in society, 1, 12, 126, 127–128; technology and, 56–57, 61–62, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71–72; transmediation and translation, 46, 80, 89, 92, 94, 144–145; mentioned, 23, 24, 55, 66, 106, 111, 132, 158 focus on form, 53, 54–56 foreign language instruction, 2; technology and, 52–53 funds of knowledge, 18–19, 101, 102, 115–116, 117; mentioned, 110, 111, 115 grounded theory, 39, 121, 137 heritage languages, 1, 5n2; advocate for, 40, 41, 46–47; challenges for, 2; curriculum development for, 99; as medium of instruction, 80, 86; professional development for, 1–2, 9, 13; mentioned, 20, 45, 99, 131. See also immersion education; Indigenous languages immersion education, 9, 12, 13, 16–25 passim, 56, 67; computer mediated communication for, 70, 72; professional development for, 1–2; school choice and, 127–129; standardized testing and, 103, 113, 159–160; mentioned , 4, 21, 62, 67, 92, 95, 106 Indigenous epistemology, 37–38, 79, 95– 97, 131, 133; culture bearer role, 44– 45; in Yup’ik dance, 36–38, 75, 79; in Yup’ik storytelling, 12–13, 75; mentioned , 38, 86 Indigenous knowledge systems, 102, 104, 108, 111, 114, 116, 117; challenges to standardized assessment, 111, 115; school choice and, 114. See also Indigenous epistemology, Native ways of knowing Indigenous languages, 1, 5n1; current program types, 9, 132; programmatic needs of, 23, 115; technology and, 52, 53–54, 57, 65–66, 72n1; language planning for, 122, 123, 124; mentioned, 145; See also heritage languages Indigenous pedagogy, 41–44, 49, 77. See also Indigenous epistemology insider/outsider research, 3, 104; assessment and, 22; as outsider, 11, 138, 139, 142–145; as insider, 23 145–147; mentioned, 3 intersubjectivity, 31–32, 32–35, 49; mentioned , 3 joint activity, 32–34, 35, 49, 77, 139; and Indigenous pedagogy, 43–44, 49; mentioned , 3 language endangerment, 122; Central Yup’ik and, 6. See also language shift language loss, 1, 12–13, 13, 24, 122; mentioned, 24. See also language shift language maintenance. See language revitalization language planning, 5, 12, 119, 120, 121– 123, 123–124, 125, 147; formal policy and, 124, 134; globalization and, 124; grassroots/bottom-up, 122, 124, 131– 132; schooling and, 126–127, 132, 152; mentioned, 10, 11, 12, 14, 21, 23, 25, 105, 138, 140 language policy; See language planning language revitalization, 12–13, 13, 24, 25, 47, 66, 121; on Kodiak Island, 124; nationalism and, 122, 123; personal role in, 129; schooling and, 129; technology and, 56–57, 66, 67–68, 70–71, 72, 86, 99–100; No Child Left Behind legislation and, 23; mentioned, 1, 23 language shift...

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