Outside the Hacienda Walls: The Archaeology of Plantation Peonage in Nineteenth-Century Yucatán

Illustrations

ix Illustrations Figures 1.1. Laborer on Yucatán plantation 3 1.2. Portion of 1879 census record from Hacienda Tabi 7 1.3. Main grounds and village of Hacienda Xucú 10 1.4. Main grounds and village of Hacienda Petectunich 11 2.1. Yucatán Peninsula’s Puuc region 20 2.2. Tabi Ecological Reserve in southwest Yucatán 23 2.3. Aerial view of Hacienda Tabi’s great yard, mid-1980s 25 2.4. Bird’s-eye sketch of Hacienda Tabi, 1985 30 3.1. Plan of Tabi estate, 1817 38 3.2. Late nineteenth-century owners of Hacienda Tabi 41 3.3. Copper token from Hacienda Tabi 44 3.4. Plantation servant exposes scars of a lashing 47 3.5. Announcement of fugitive peon 50 4.1. Population pyramids for Hacienda Tabi, 1879 and 1887 61 4.2. Cities and towns where Tabi laborers originated 63 4.3. Field laborers in 1901 at Hacienda Santa María 71 5.1. Elliptical house with masonry walls in Tabi woods 77 5.2. Limestone masonry walls enclose hacienda great yard 80 5.3. Tabi church framed by main north gate, 1998 80 5.4. Site plan of Tabi village 82 5.5. Plan of Chan Kom, Yucatán, 1930s 84 5.6. Examples of modern thatch-roofed housing in Puuc region 87 5.7. Frequency of elliptical house types in Tabi village 88 5.8. Comparison of elliptical house size by type 89 5.9. Plan of principal house’s first floor 92 5.10. Burro’s house, 2009 93 6.1. Tabi cemetery 98 6.2. Vaults 4 and 5 of Tabi cemetery, 1996 99 6.3. Laying out transect line in Tabi forest 102 6.4. Sifting soils from test pit in Block 7 103 6.5. Examples of ceramic fragments from Tabi village 106 x Illustrations 6.6. Ceramic densities in Block 7 108 6.7. Ceramic densities in Block 10 109 6.8. Ruins of stockade-style house 111 6.9. Reconstructed coarse earthenware vessel forms 112 6.10. Ceramic and animal bone refuse comparisons at four houses 114 7.1. Idealized model of houselot organization in Puuc region 123 7.2. Artifact size varies across many houselots 127 7.3. Collection and analysis of soil samples 128 7.4. Evidence for backyard patio of House 7–2 129 7.5. Soil chemistry and ceramic density reveal House 10–4’s patio 131 7.6. Coarse earthenware frequency and weight distributions 133 7.7. Comparison of coarse earthenware weights by houselot zone 134 8.1. Tabi principal house, 2007 137 8.2. Chemical enrichment of modern Q’eqchi’ Maya house floor 141 8.3. Ernesto Uc May and Mariana Mis Pech 143 8.4. Plan of Uc-Mis house 144 8.5. Soil phosphorus concentrations on Uc-Mis kitchen floor 146 8.6. Tejón house prior to excavation 147 8.7. Soil chemistry and animal bone refuse in Tejón house 150 8.8. Remnants of plaster floor in Tejón house 151 8.9. Cross-section of Tejón house flooring 152 8.10. House flooded during Hurricane Isidore, 2002 152 8.11. Investigations behind Tejón house 156 8.12. Tejón house material remains compared to those from four village houses 157 8.13. Bones of marine fish at Tejón house 159 8.14. Clothing fasteners from Tejón house 160 9.1. Half portion of Chinese coin recovered at Tabi 163 9.2. Interior of principal house at Sotuta de Peón 170 9.3. Confinement cells on Tabi palacio’s first floor 174 9.4. Procession of John the Baptist at Tabi 175 Tables 3.1. Aggregate Debts for Continuing Laborers at Hacienda Itzincab–Cámara 45 4.1. Birth and Death Estimates for Hacienda Tabi in the Late 1800s 59 4.2. Demographic Estimates for Hacienda Tabi in the Late 1800s 59 xi Illustrations 4.3. Sex Ratios at Tabi, 1861–1910 62 4.4. Illiteracy at Tabi, 1879 and 1887 66 4.5. Illegitimacy at Tabi during the Porfiriato 67 4.6. Census Listing of Two Nuclear Families at Tabi, 1887 68 4.7. Historical Household Sizes in Rural Yucatán 68 6.1. Ceramic Frequencies at Four Dwellings 112 6.2. Minimum Ceramic Vessel Counts at Four Dwellings 115 6.3. Species Identified at Four Dwellings 115 8.1. Ceramic Totals from the...