Reimagining National Belonging: Post-Civil War El Salvador in a Global Context

Index

151 academics, 15, 46–48, 80, 125 Africa, 46, 58, 61, 65, 126 agriculture, 62, 65–66, 68, 79, 81 Anderson, Benedict, 11, 33, 95, 108 anthropologists and archaeologists, 11, 50–52, 74, 111–12 anthropology, 12, 13, 22–23, 50, 115. See also archaeology; Museo Nacional de Antropología David J. Guzmán (MUNA) Araujo, Rita Ercilia, 75, 76 archaeology, 15, 45, 50–54, 61, 105, 120; sites, 45, 51, 52, 54, 55–58, 94. See also anthropology ARENA (Alianza Republicana Nacionalista), 7, 10, 40, 99 Arias Gómez, Jorge, 47, 48 artists, 94–95, 116–17 Batres, Oscar, 112 Bello Suazo, Gregorio, 48, 113 Blacks, 60, 61 Browning, David, 46–47 Cacaopera, 5, 15, 16, 41, 63, 126. See also indigenous populations Calderon Sol, Armando, 29, 110 CCNIS (Consejo Coordinador Nacional Indígena Salvadoreña), 71–72, 78–79 census, 15, 60, 70–72, 73–74 Chapultepec Peace Accords, 9, 127 children, 76, 77–78, 90, 93–94, 100–101, 126–27 Chinos (Asian-Salvadorans), 59–60 citizen (ideal of), 21, 28–29, 35–36 citizenship, 66, 80, 90, 98, 109 Ciudad Vieja, 52, 61 civil war (1980-1992): international involvement, 3, 8, 9, 52; migration during, 7, 8, 83–84, 126; responses to, 106, 117, 118, 122–23, 127; silence about, 45, 107, 108, 122–23; victims of, 8, 18, 106, 121–22; war’s end, 9, 21, 25. See also violence Cold War, 1–2, 8, 68 Competitivity Program, 96–97 CONCULTURA (Consejo Nacional Para la Cultura y el Arte), 5, 41, 52–56, 61, 75–76. See also MINED; Secretariat of Culture Congreso Linguistico del Idioma Nahuat, 75, 76 Conocer tu País program, 93–94 Consalvi, Carlos Henríquez, 118, 119 Consejo Coordinador Nacional Indígena Salvadoreña (CCNIS), 71–72, 78–79 Convention 169, 72, 81 crime. See gangs; violence (postwar) Index 152 index Cultural Identity project, 28–32 culture: anthropological concept of, 22–23; identity and heritage, 5, 14, 36–38, 61, 92–95; nation-building and, 6, 11, 14, 21–23, 55–56 Culture of Peace Program, 14, 25–28, 77, 125–26. See also UNESCO Dalton, Roque, 47, 118–19 deep past: indigeneity and, 53, 108; museums and, 111, 112; national identity and, 41, 45–46, 88; nationbuilding and, 14–15, 53, 61, 126. See also archaeology; history democracy, 2, 9, 22, 24–25, 42–43, 114 Diario de Hoy, 32–33. See also media diasporic populations: affective ties of, 17, 87, 89, 91–92, 97, 104; demographics of, 16–17, 86, 87, 90; identities of, 4, 5, 80, 90, 92–95, 101; museums and, 106, 113, 115–16; nation-building and, 11, 16–17, 83–84, 87, 111–12, 126; political participation of, 17, 87, 97–100, 104; remittances sent by, 17, 87, 89–90, 93, 101; state outreach to, 86, 90–94; success stories of, 94–95, 96–97. See also migrant populations education: cultural identity and, 22, 36–38; of foreign-born children, 93–94; indigenous populations and, 57, 77–78, 81, 94; media and, 32, 33; nation-building and, 21, 22, 28–32, 42, 125; teaching values and, 14, 22, 28, 31, 40; textbooks, 49–50; university programs, 15, 47, 50, 115. See also MINED; schools elections, 10, 39–40, 98–99. See also politics El Mozote massacre, 7–8, 106, 122 El Mozote Memorial, 106, 122 El Salvador: constitution of, 72, 76; currency of, 24, 54; economy of, 4, 7, 19, 23–24, 53, 86; history of, 65–66; independence of, 42, 66; languages of, 34, 75, 76–77, 81, 88; media in, 32–34; political parties of, 9–10; popular culture of, 23–24, 88, 89, 97; population of, 17, 87; postage stamps of, 54, 95; scholarship on, 2–3, 47–48 Escobar, Francisco Andres, 58 fieldwork, 4, 13, 23–24, 47–48, 125 Fifth Congress of Central American History, 46 First International Painting Competition, 94–95 Flores, Francisco, 39–40, 110 FMLN (Farabundo Martí Liberación Nacional), 8, 9–10, 40, 98, 99 folklore, 75, 119 free trade zones, 7, 24, 86 Funes, Mauricio: apologies by, 67, 82, 122–23, 124, 127; election of, 10, 98, 99, 126; policies of, 98, 103, 126–27. See also FMLN de Galdamez, Reina Gladis, 30 Gallardo, Roberto, 52 Gallardo de Cano, Cecilia, 49 gangs, 2, 19, 100, 101–3. See also violence (postwar) Gavidia, Vicente, 78 General Direction for Attention to Communities in the Exterior, 91–92 Getty Conservation Institute (GCI), 55–56 globalization, 3, 6...