Stealing Shining Rivers: Agrarian Conflict, Market Logic, and Conservation in a Mexican Forest

Index

197 Index “accumulation by conservation,” 20–21, 71, 168–169 “accumulation by dispossession,” 53, 61. See also Luxemburg, Rosa ahuehuete tree (Taxodium mucronatum ): as symbol of environmentalism , 120 attaché. See Chimalapas, Oaxaca Avatar (movie), 80 Baudrillard, Jean: “the hyper-real,” viii biosphere reserve(s), 80; Campesino Biosphere Reserve proposed, 95; critique of model, 147; resisted by campesinos, 115–116; UNESCO project for Chimalapas, 88 Bob, Clifford. See Zapatistas Bobrow-Strain, Aaron. See cattle-raising Brosius, Peter: “red-green struggles” in developing world, 14–15. See also stakeholders caciques ([corrupt]communal leaders), 8, 87, 94; as functioning within modern state, 102–103; “Roberto Díaz” as example of, 103 Calhoun, Craig, 75. See also environmental movements Campesino Ecological Reserve, 5, 71, 94, 107, 136; never encoded into law, 134; question of democracy of, 162. See also Maderas de Pueblo campesinos: identity of, 108; as “poor curators,” 169; and strike of 1977, 84, 86; as subjects, 80–81 Carrasco, Diódoro (governor of Oaxaca), 7 cattle-raising: as modern development strategy, 44–45, 78 Cerro de Oro dam, 83 Chiapas: border claim on Chimalapas, 50–51, 85; campesino land–seizures in, 79 Chima: as new identity marker, 109, 117–118, 160. See also Chimalapas Chimalapas, Oaxaca: communal (agrarian) lands of, 33–35; creation of new identity of, 92, 104; description of, 2–3; ecological threats to, 6; etymology of, 35; excessive land titles granted in, 50; formation of new settlements in, 99–101; as “frontier,” 45; history of, 3–4; illegal logging in, 45; municipios and land tenure in, 4–5; origin of communal land claims in, 28–30; present-day 198 • Index obscurity of, 41–42; recent strife in, 7; return of land to, 164–165; special development office for (Attach é), 7, 126–127; subsumed within large estates, 40; traditional Zoque identity of, 35–37, 92, 109, 117; as “universal biological asset,” 71 Collier, George, 90 Colonia Cuauhtémoc (ranching community ), 45–46, 85, 164 Colosio, Donaldo, 18 Comisión de Planeación para el Desarrollo del Estado de Oaxaca (COPLADE), 88, 130 Comisión Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (CONAMP, formerly INE), 165–166 commodification of nature. See neoliberal model “comuneros,” 116 Constitution (Mexican) of 1992: Article 27 (privatizing land), 64, 109; and formation of ejidos, 85; and NAFTA, 65; Cortés, Hernando, 28–29, 41, 120 “decentralized authoritarianism,” 19, 168–169 del Carpio Penagos, Carlos Uriel, 84–86 developmentism (import substitution): in post-war Mexico, 43–44; shift from developmentism to environmentalism , 153–156 Díaz, Porfirio, 38; as symbol of Liberal decadence, 57, 59 drug trafficking, 48–50 Eber, Christine, 66–67 ecological discourse: as feminizing, 119 Ecological Forum on Chimalapas (1996), 105, 110–116, 120; agrarian question in roundtables, 114–116 “ecological native,” 79–80, 82, 107; symbolic capital of, 119 encomienda land grants, 29–30, 35 environmental movements: greening of agrarian movements, 14–16; history of, 75–76 Escobar, Arturo: environmentalism as dominant discursive framework, 71–72; as global political field, 73; history of, 75 Esteva, Gustavo, 88–94, 99–100, 164; contrasted to Garcia, 101–102; as “post-colonial green,” 90. See also Vocalía Foucault, Michel, 72 Fox, Vincente: as neoliberal, 54; and Zapatistas, 66 Frank, Andre Gunder: “underdevelopment ,” 163 Freire, Paolo, 20, 137 García, Miguel Ángel, 88–89, 98, 163; contrasted to Esteva, 101–102. See also Maderas de Pueblo General Council of Representatives (Oaxaca) (CGR), 88 Gottlieb, Robert, 75. See also environmental movements Gramsci, Antonio: “hegemony,” 33 Hamnett, Brian: on Mexico’s fall as a world power, 58 Haraway, Donna, viii, 28; metaphors as ways of seeing, 73, 82 Harvey, David, 27; “accumulation strategies” of global markets, 12–13; and in Mexico, 44 Hearst, William Randolph, 40, 44 Heatherington, Tracey: “the greening of backwardness,” 121 Hewitt, Cynthia, 90 Hughes, David: “cadastral politics,” 33 IMF (International Monetary Fund): and bubble of 1982, 65 Indian subjectivity, 32–33 Index • 199 Instituto Estatal de Ecología (IEE) (Oaxaca), 153, 154; negative role of, 157–159 Instituto Nacional de Ecología (INE), 135, 154–155 Integrated Conservation and Development Program (ICDP): and environmental commodification, 81 Inter-American Development Bank, 67 Isthmus of Tehuantepec: development plans for, 44, 60–61 jaguar (Pantera onca): as commodity, 164; corridor between parks for, 73–74; as metaphor for environmentalism , 74–75, 112; for migration, 75 Juárez, Benito: as symbol of Liberal progress, 57, 59 labor: female labor, 56; Indian labor, 31; relocation of, 66. See also encomienda...