Matrons and Maids: Regulating Indian Domestic Service in Tucson, 1914–1934

Notes

169 Notes Abbreviations AHST Arizona Historical Society, Tucson ARCIA Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs CCF Central Classified Files, Bureau of Indian Affairs CIA Commissioner of Indian Affairs IRA Indian Rights Association Papers, Series I, Correspondence, 1864–1968 LR Letters Received, Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1881–1907 LSE Letters Sent, Education, Bureau of Indian Affairs PIS Phoenix Indian School PISEO Phoenix Indian School Employment Office RG 75 NAB Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, US National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives Building, Washington, DC. RG 75 NAFW Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, US National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives Southwest Region, Fort Worth, TX RG 75 NAR Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, US National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives Pacific Region, Riverside, CA (formerly Laguna Niguel, CA) RG 146 NPRC Records of the US Civil Service Commission, Record Group 146, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, MO RSSE Records of the State Supervisor of Education (Arizona) SIA Sells Indian Agency (Papago) SIEFCW Sells Indian Agency (Papago) Indian Employment Files of the Community Worker Doris L. Weston SRFM Sells Indian Agency (Papago) Reports of the Field Matrons 1910–1932 170 Notes to Pages 1–7 Chapter 1. Introduction: The Outing Matrons of Tucson 1. G. Taylor to M. Stewart, May 18, 1933, Box 3 (T–Z), RSSE, PIS, Boxes 1–3, RG 75 NAR. 2. Joseph, Spicer, and Chesky, The Desert People, 72. 3. Report of the Superintendent of Schools, Indian School Sites, ARCIA 1906, 445. 4. For a narrative overview of Tohono O’odham history, see Erickson, Sharing the Desert. 5. Trennert, “From Carlisle to Phoenix,” 267–291; “Victorian Morality,” 113–128; and The Phoenix Indian School. Outing gets a mention in virtually all general histories of Native American boarding schools (as well as at least a passing reference in histories of specific schools), but for the most significant examples (in order of appearance), see Adams, Education for Extinction, 159–163; Archuleta, Child, and Lomawaima, Away from Home, 35–37; Reyner and Eder, American Indian Education, 139; Lomawaima and McCarty, To Remain an Indian, 50–51; Adams, “Beyond Bleakness,” 47. For outing programs in the San Francisco Bay area, see Willard, “Indian Newspapers”; Willard, “Outing, Relocation and Employment Assistance”; Markwyn, “‘It Was a Place for the Girls to Meet’”; Jacobs, “Working on the Domestic Frontier”; Jacobs, White Mother to a Dark Race, 352–369. For the Haskell Institute, see Child, Boarding School Seasons, 81–85; Vuckovic, Voices from Haskell. For the Sherman Institute, see Paxton, “Learning Gender”; Gilbert, Education beyond the Mesas. Ward Churchill has been the most well-known exponent of outing as genocide, arguing that the arduous forced labor of children contributed to their physical destruction, the aim of the boarding school policies: Churchill, Kill the Indian, Save the Man, 48–51. The outing program in Tucson, almost entirely overlooked, has been explained as an effort by government authorities to “accelerate assimilation by teaching Indian women to adopt Anglo gender roles”: Meeks, “The Tohono O’odham, Wage Labor, and Resistant Adaptation, 1900–1930,” 477. Eric Meeks has also referred to outing in Tucson in passing, particularly the “alternatives to dependence” it offered Indian women, in his seminal study of Arizona’s racial history: Meeks, Border Citizens, 60–62. 6. Ludlow, Ten Years’ Work for Indians at the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, 36–37; Walker-McNeil, “The Carlisle Indian School,” 164; Pratt, Battlefield and Classroom, 194–195, 214–215. See also Pratt, “The Way Out,” 1177–1180; Lindsey, Indians at Hampton Institute, 37–38. 7. Adams, Education for Extinction, 157. 8. See, especially, Jaimes, “American Indian Woman,” 331–335. 9. The literature on white women and colonialism is extensive. The collection Western Women and Imperialism edited by Chaudhuri and Strobel is well known. Other collections and monographs include Ware, Beyond the Pale; McClintock, Imperial Leather; Najmi and Srikanth, White Women in Racialized Spaces; Cole, Haskins, and Paisley, Uncommon Ground; Pickles and Rutherdale, 171 Notes to Pages 8–10 Contact Zones. For white feminism and colonization, see Burton, Burdens of History; Newman, White Women’s Rights; Paisley, Loving Protection?; Midgley, Feminism and Empire. 10. Trennert, “Victorian Morality,” 126. For “true womanhood” and the women employed by the Office of Indian Affairs, see Bannan, “True Womanhood ” on the Reservation; Herring, “The Creation of Indian Farm Women; Emmerich, “‘To Respect...