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Illustrations Figures 1.1. Muscogee Creek leader of the Crazy Snake Rebellion against allotting Creek tribal lands. Courtesy of Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma. 19 1.2. Members of the Dawes Commission Henry L. Dawes, S. McKennon and Meredith H. Kidd (left to right) who assigned allotments to members of the Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, Cherokees, and Seminoles. Courtesy of Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma. 38 1.3. Jackson Barnett, Muscogee Creek, wealthiest American Indian in the 1920s, due to oil. Courtesy of Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma. 42 2.1. Carlos Montezuma (Yavaipai) became a medical doctor in 1889 and member of the Society of American Indians. Courtesy of the Hayden Arizona Collection. 52 2.2. Indian students in uniforms leave Phoenix Indian School dining hall through separate doorways. Courtesy of the Heard Museum. 61 2.3. Graves of children who attended Haskell. Courtesy of the author. 64 3.1. Navajo Council Chairman Henry Taliman (left) and Bureau of Indian Affairs Commissioner John Collier (right). Courtesy of the Navajo Nation Museum, Window Rock, Arizona. 77 3.2. Navajos dipping their sheep to prevent diseases. Courtesy of Special Collections of Cline Library, Northern Arizona University. 84 viii · Illustrations 3.3. The Navajo tribe developed their tribal government after rejecting the Indian Reorganization Act. Courtesy of Special Collections of Cline Library, Northern Arizona University. 86 4.1. Los Angeles Indian Center. Courtesy of the author. 103 4.2. San Francisco Indian Center. Courtesy of the author. 107 5.1. American Indian Movement takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Courtesy of Battman/Corbis. 139 5.2. Oren Lyons (center) and AIM members at Wounded Knee takeover. Courtesy of Carol Sullivan and New Mexico Digital Collection, University of New Mexico. 141 6.1. Navajo uranium miners. Courtesy of Cline Library Special Collections, Northern Arizona University. 165 7.1. Cabazon Indian casino and hotel. Courtesy of the author. 180 7.2. Gila River tribal casino and hotel, Gila River, Arizona. Courtesy of the author. 186 8.1. Mt. Adams in Washington State. Credit: Mt. Adams from Sheep Lake/Ellis, General Subjects Photograph Collection, 1845–2005, Washington State Archives, Digital Archives, http://www.digitalarchives.wa.gov. 206 8.2. National Museum of the American Indian. Credit: Carol Highsmith (photographer), Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC. 216 Maps Map 1. Bureau of Indian Affairs regions and offices. 13 Map 2. Christian religions in Indian Country from 1870 to 1934. 62 Map 3. Indian activist sites. 127 Map 4. Sacred Indian sites in the West. 197 ...

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