Ambitious Rebels: Remaking Honor, Law, and Liberalism in Venezuela, 1780-1850

Notes

Notes Introduction Unless otherwise noted, all translations are the author’s. I have preserved the spelling of names found in the original documents, which sometimes do not match contemporary spellings. 1. El Argos, September 6, 1825, 3. 2. El Argos, September 23, 1825, 1–2. 3. Ibid. 4. Keith Baker, “Introduction,” in The Political Culture of the Old Regime, edited by Keith Baker (New York: Pergamon Press, 1987), xii. 5. José Gaos, Historia de nuestra idea del mundo (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1973), 244. 6. Peter Guardino, Peasants, Politics, and the Formation of Mexico’s National State: Guerrero, 1800–1857 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996), 10. See also William M. Reddy, The Rise of Market Culture: The Textile Trade in French Society , 1750–1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984). 7. On liberalism in Chile’s early republic, see Simon Collier, Chile: The Making of a Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 8. Tulio Halperín Donghi, “Argentina: Liberalism in a Country Born Liberal,” in Guiding the Invisible Hand: Economic Liberalism and the State in Latin American History , ed. Joseph L. Love and Nils Jacobsen (New York: Praeger, 1988), 101–4. 9. See Marixa Lasso, Myths of Harmony: Race and Republicanism During the Age of Revolution (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2007); James Sanders, Contentious Republicans: Popular Politics, Race, and Class in Nineteenth-­­ Century Colombia (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004); Winthrop R. Wright, Café con Leche: Race, Class, and National Image in Venezuela (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990). 10. Silvia Marina Arrom, The Women of Mexico City, 1790–1857 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985), 9. 253 254 • Notes to Pages 10–13 11. Antonio Arraíz, Los días de la ira: Las guerras civiles en Venezuela, 1830–1903 (Valencia, Venezuela: Vadell Hermanos, 1991), 29–35. I would like to thank Aura Rojas for introducing me to this source. 12. Christine Hünefeldt, Liberalism in the Bedroom: Quarreling Spouses in Nineteenth-­Century Lima (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 33. 13. El Tiempo, February 12, 1846, found in Gilbert Joseph and Timothy Henderson , eds., The Mexico Reader: History, Culture, Politics (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 220–25; Lucas Alamán, The History of Mexico (1849–51), found in Janet Burke and Ted Humphrey, ed., Nineteenth-­ Century Nation Building and the Latin American Intellectual Tradition (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2007), 173–98. 14. Facundo: Civilization or Barbarism, 1845, found in Burke and Humphrey, ed., Nineteenth-­ Century Nation Building, 124–47. 15. Frank Safford, “Politics, Ideology and Society in Post-­ Independence Spanish America,” in Spanish America After Independence, ca. 1820–ca. 1870, ed. Leslie Bethel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 48. 16. David Bushnell and Neill Macaulay, The Emergence of Latin America in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 29–31. 17. Tulio Donghi, “Economy and Society,” in Spanish America After Indepen­ dence, ca. 1820–ca. 1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 1. 18. Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt and Wolfgang Schluchter, “Paths to Early Modernities —A Comparative View,” Dædalus 127, no. 3 (1998): 1–3. 19. Javier Fernández Sebastián, “Revolucionarios liberales. Conceptos e identidades políticas en el mundo Atlántico,” in Las Revoluciones en el Mundo Atlántico, ed. María Teresa Calderón and Clément Thibaud (Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Externado de Colombia, 2006), 232–36; Cecilia Méndez, The Plebeian Republic: The Huanta Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State, 1820–1850 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), 29; Elena Plaza, El patriotismo ilustrado, o la orga­ nización del estado en Venezuela, 1830–47 (Caracas, Venezuela: Universidad Central de Venezuela, 2007), 52. 20. Fermín Toro, El Argos, March 30, 1825, and April 8, 1825; Antonio Leocadio Guzmán, “Ojeada al proyecto de constitución que el Libertador ha presentado a la república Bolívar,” 1826, in Pensamiento político venezolano del siglo XIX: textos para su estudio, ed. El Congreso de la República (Caracas, Venezuela: Ediciones conmemorativas del sesquicentenario de la independencia, 1983), vol. 5, 25–26. 21. Sarah Chambers, “Political Ideas, Political Cultures: New Works on the Middle Period in Spanish America,” Latin American Research Review 42, no. 2 (2007): 180. 22. Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (New York: Blackwell, 1985). 23. François-­ Xavier Guerra, “The Implosion of the Spanish Empire: Emerging Statehood and Collective Identities,” in The Collective and the Public in Latin...