The Borders of Inequality: Where Wealth and Poverty Collide

Notes

Notes Chapter 1. Walls, Fences, Barriers 1. Julius Caesar, in his Commentaries on the Gallic War, dedicates Book 1 to the Helvetian crisis. 2. As measured by the combined ratios of GDP per capita in nominal terms and in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). See table 2.3. Chapter 2. Inequality 1. Landes 1998, 41. 2. GDP per capita is the quotient of a country’s gross domestic product divided by its population. It represents average income per person and does not reflect the actual distribution of income within a country. The advantage of GDP per capita is that, unlike other measures, its components are available for every country in the world. 3. Almost all issues of the UN’s Human Development Report insist on this increase in inequality and poverty, particularly the 1999 edition. 4. Sala-i-Martín 2002. 5. “Regional Repercussions of the Argentine Crisis,” UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (CEPAL) press release, August 1, 2002, accessed September 28, 2010, http://www.eclac.org/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/ prensa/noticias/comunicados/8/10738/P10738.xml&xsl=/prensa/tpl/p6f.xsl& base=/prensa/tpl/top-bottom.xsl. 6. Literally, Rousseau (1985) stated that “le premier qui, ayant enclos un terrain , s’avisa de dire: Ceci est à moi, et trouva des gens assez simples pour le croire, fut le vrai fondateur de la société civile. Que de crimes, de guerres, de meurtres, que de misères et d’horreurs n’eût point épargnés au genre humain celui qui, arrachant les pieux ou comblant le fossé, eût crié à ses semblables: Gardez-vous d’écouter cet imposteur; vous êtes perdus, si vous oubliez que les fruits sont à tous, et que la terre n’est à personne.” (The first man who, having enclosed a piece of ground, bethought himself of saying This is mine, and found people simple enough to believe him, was the real founder of civil society. From how many crimes, wars, and murders, from how many horrors and misfortunes might not any one have saved mankind, by pulling up the stakes, or filling up 152 Notes to Pages 16–41 the ditch, and crying to his fellows: Beware of listening to this imposter; you are undone if you once forget that the fruits of the earth belong to us all, and the earth itself to nobody. http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau.) 7. Curtin 1984. 8. McNeill 1976. 9. Diamond 1997. 10. Cardini 1982. 11. North and Thomas 1973. 12. Toynbee and Jowett 1884. 13. Sauvy 1952. 14. Maddison 2003. 15. Fernández-Armesto 2003. 16. Headrick 1988. 17. Adas 1989. 18. Barro and Sala-i-Martín 1998. 19. IMF 2001, 267. Chapter 3. The Anatomy of Inequality 1. Morocco stands out for its enormous number of inhabitants who claim to be biological descendents of the prophet Mohammed. The most important Chorfa (plural: Cherif) is the actual Moroccan king Mohammed VI, a descendent of Fatima, the Prophet’s daughter. The country is home to several thousand more of the Prophet’s relatives, either real or feigned. The Cherif form the top echelon of Moroccan society, where they are regarded as high aristocracy. Popular belief assigns them miraculous powers, among them baraka, divine blessing, which is the origin of the name of the current U.S. president, Barack Hussein Obama. 2. U.S. Department of State, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/ 27820.htm. 3. Tlachinollan: Human Rights Center of the Montaña. (http://www .tlachinollan.org) 4. Sullivan 2002, A01. 5. Transparency International, Surveys and Indices, http://www.transparency .org/policy_research/surveys_indices/gcb/2004. 6. Plan Nacional sobre Drogas, http://www.pnsd.msc.es/en/Categoria1/ presenta/home.htm. 7. U.S. Department of Justice 2005. 8. U.S. Government Accountability Office 1995. 9. North 1973; De Soto 2000. 10. American Chamber of Commerce in Morocco, cited in Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy, “Morroco’s Smuggling Rackets: Hashish, People and Contraband, Notes to Pages 41–64 153 Jane’s Intelligence Review, December 1, 2005, http://www.geopium.org/ChouvyJIR -DEC2005-Moroccos_smuggling_rackets_hashish_people_and_contraband .html. 11. These studies are no longer available at the FIAB Web site (http://www .fiab.es). 12. Andreas 2000. 13. ALTSEAN 2004. 14. UNODC 2004. 15. Finnish National Board of Customs 2004. 16. This source is no longer available at www.worldbank.org. For recent information on this topic, see “Qat Dialogue in Yemen,” http://web...