Paleonutrition

Index and About the Authors

Index adolescents. See juveniles aeration, 111, 112 Africa, 171; highland foraging in, 24, 179–89 agave, 114–15 agriculturalists, 44, 157; health, 19–20, 34–35, 62, 212–23 agriculture, 220; origins, 6, 8–9; in U.S. Southwest, 24, 159, 190, 204, 212–13 Aka, 108 Aleutian mummies, 45, 63 Algonquian sites, 164 Ambergris Cay (Belize), 167–68 amino acids, 3, 89, 204 amphibians, 70 Amsterdam, 56 anaerobic conditions, 111–12 Anasazi, 20, 64, 208; diet and health, 32, 202, 205; skeletal remains, 190, 203 ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis, 21, 48, 49–50, 64, 129, 169 anemia, 213, 216; iron-deficiency, 17, 205, 214; skeletal pathologies, 34–36 animals, 107, 114; Cahuilla use of, 220–22, 229–30; small, 116–17. See also faunal remains Antelope House (Ariz.), 20 archaeobotany. See paleoethnobotany archaeology: evolutionary, 159–60; recovery methods, 120–23; sampling strategies, 130–32 Archaic period, 19 Arroyo Hondo Pueblo (N.M.) 209 arteriosclerosis, 45 arthritis, 32 bacteria, 43, 52, 60–61, 65–66 Baker Cave (Tex.), 20–21, 145 Basin I model, 172, 178 beekeeping, 184, 186 beeswax, 65 Belize, 161–62, 165, 167–68 Big Bend National Park, 117 bile acids, 63 bioarchaeology, 4; approaches to, 15–16; history of, 14–15 biological reconstruction, 167–68 biomolecular archaeology, 79–80 birds, 70–71, 219 Black Mesa (Ariz.), 16, 212 bladder stones, 46 blood, 81–83 bog bodies, 46, 83 bone, 33, 43, 46, 64, 69, 89; carnivore impacts, 115–16; density, 30, 32; human-scavenged, 117–18; postmortem alteration, 153–54; preservation, 107–8, 109, 110, 111–12; stable isotope analysis, 90–92, 167; trace element analysis, 96–97. See also skeletal analysis botanical remains, 9, 72; laboratory analyses, 134–41; La Quinta site, 224, 225(table); macro-, 73–75; micro-, 75–79; preservation , 106, 107. See also phytoliths; pollen brain matter, 46 breastfeeding, 89 bubonic plague, 48 burials, 100, 130, 149–50; subadult, 196, 197–200(table) butchering, 114, 116 Byzantine era, 98 364 index Cahuilla, Lake (Calif.), 217, 218–19; archaeology, 222, 223–24, 225, 228, 237 Cahuilla Indians, 8, 171; food resources, 220–22, 224–27; paleofecal analysis, 227–37; subsistence system, 223–24 calcification, 47 calcite crystals, 79 calcium oxylate microremains, 11 California, 41(fig.), 166, 171; hunting in, 159–60; immunochemistry analyses, 85–86. See also Coachella Valley caloric intake: hunter-gatherer, 181–82; optimal, 180–81 cancers, 46 cannibalism, 64 carbohydrates, 180, 181, 183–84 carbon, 87, 88–89, 167 carbonization, 106, 110 caries, 41, 42, 43 carnivores, 115–16 Carter Ranch Pueblo (Ariz.), 202, 210 cassava, 79 cattail, 229–30 cemeteries, 149–50 Cerros (Belize), 4–5 cess, 53, 55–56, 61 Chaco Canyon (N.M.), 99 Chagas’ disease, 46 charcoal, 75 Charcot-Leyden crystals, 62, 65 chemical studies, 23, 69, 79; of organic residues, 80–86; of paleofeces, 63–65 Chicago World’s Fair, 8 children, 34, 188; health of, 35–36, 38, 171, 191, 202–13, 217; mortality, 196–201; in prehistoric U.S. Southwest , 189–213; skeletal analyses of, 192–95(table) Chile: mummies from, 45–46 Christian period: Sudan, 47, 214–17 climate, 89 climate change, 101 Clovis sites, 86 Coachella Valley (Calif.), 24, 171, 217; archaeology, 222–28; food resources, 220–22, 238; Lake Cahuilla, 218–19; paleofecal analysis, 227–37 cocaine, 47 Colha (Belize), 165 context, 118–19 copper, 98 coprolites, 53, 54–55, 129; Coachella Valley , 223, 224, 227–37; medical analyses, 65–66; protein-residue analysis, 63–64. See also paleofecal remains corn. See maize cranial deformation, 212 craniology, 16 craniometry, 15 cremations, 28, 99, 149, 154 cribra orbitalia, 17, 34, 202, 206–8(table), 214, 215–16, 217 cut marks, 116 Czech Republic, 33 Danger Cave (Utah), 18, 65–66 data: direct and indirect, 21–22 data recovery, 102–3 data sets: multiple, 21–22, 169, 213–14; paleofecal analysis, 57–58 demography: skeletal analysis, 26–27 Denmark, 46 dentition, 38, 150, 152; developmental abnormalities, 39–40; pathologies, 41–44 diabetes, 67 diarrhea: weanling, 39 diet, 2, 3, 4–5, 158, 171; dentition, 38–39, 42–44; ethnicity, 162–64; gender, 161–62; Medieval Nubian, 216–17; paleofecal analysis, 18, 22, 62; sociopolitical organization , 164–66; stable isotope analysis, 90, 92, 93–95; trace elements, 97–99 dietary insufficiency, 34–35, 36 dietary stress, 24; Medieval Nubia, 214–16 disease(s), 17, 26, 35, 46, 48, 100; skeletal pathologies, 29, 30–33, 210–11 index 365 DNA analysis. See...