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Index Abandonment: of children, 129–30, 141; of spouse, 63, 68–69, 83–85. See also Children Abuse: of children, 92–93, 94, 126–27, 130, 133; of criados and workers, 146–48; of women, 63–70, 125. See also Children; Sexual abuse; Women Acapulco, 27 Aconchi, 14, 28, 39, 45, 47 Adoption, 129, 133, 176n29. See also Abandonment ; Children; Huérfanos; Widows Aduana, La, 36, 45–46, 142 Adultery, 15, 34–35, 76, 78, 81, 92–93; cases of, 66, 76, 78–87; as crime against “civilization ,” 29, 77, 80, 86; by husbands, 79–86; by wives, 76–79, 86–87. See also Sexual conduct Agriculture, 27, 34, 39; commercialization of, 28, 44, 62, 114–15, 129, 136, 141; and labor, 136, 142; and land consolidation, 28. See also Land Aguilar, José de, 16, 63, 73, 83 Álamos, 26, 28, 31–32, 35–37, 44–48, 50, 52–53, 55, 76, 80, 88, 91–92, 135, 142 Almada, Ignacio (Prefect), 36–37, 43–44 Almada, José María, 142 Altar, 29, 31, 99–100 Amistad ilícita, 20, 34–35, 65–66, 70–73, 82, 92; attitudes toward and definition of, 75, 142; children of, 132. See also Adultery; Consensual unions Amos, 21; authority of, 139–41, 144, 146; and paternalism, 113, 135, 140, 145–46; and treatment of workers, 135–36, 139–40, 145, 147–48, 153 Apaches: and Bourbon reforms, 25–27; and citizenship, 30, 138–39; and collapse of colonial regime, 29; and discourse of “barbarism,” 20–21, 23, 25, 41–43, 51, 53, 101–2, 114, 150; and gender order, 39, 41–43, 116, 150; raiding and abuses against, 25–27, 37–38, 154–55; raiding by, 23, 29, 31–32, 38–39, 128–29; resistance of, 2, 7–8, 23, 26–27, 31–32, 38–39, 51, 138–39. See also Indigenous peoples Arequipa (Peru), 6, 11 Arizona, 27, 39, 154 Arizpe, 12, 15, 24, 27–28, 31, 35, 39, 65, 67, 78–80, 86–87, 100, 113, 119, 123, 130, 132, 134, 143–45 Assault, 34–35, 105, 142, 151; of children, 47, 92–93, 126–27, 130, 133; of family member, 1–5, 125–26; of parent, 116–17; of spouse or lover, 63–72, 78–86, 126. See also Mal trato Baboquivari, 155 Banámichi, 14, 27–28, 39, 45–47, 77, 145 Banderas, Juan, 30–31 “Barbarism,” 8, 44; and “civilization,” 3, 39; definition of, 3; and gender order, 3, 39, 93. See also “Civilization” Batuc, 50, 105 Baviácora, 28, 78–79 Brazil, 138 Buenas costumbres, 46, 150, 153; and child rearing, 117–18; and “civilization,” 11, 93; and conduct, 10–11; and consensual unions, 48–49, 51, 70, 75; in contrast to 200 index Buenas costumbres (cont.) honor, 10–11; definition of, 10, 153; and social status, 86. See also Honor Buenavista, 30 Buenos Aires, 12 California, 33; Gold Rush, 33, 39, 129 Calvo, Vicente, 9, 19, 51–52, 119 Capital punishment, 76, 126–27 Captives, 26, 29, 162n6. See also Apaches; Children; Criados; Huérfanos; Nijoras Caracas, 6 Cargo system, 5, 18; definition of, 161n50. See also Indigenous peoples Casa de depósito, 67–69, 76, 78, 83, 87, 140; definition of, 67 Casa de recogimiento, 76 Caste, 21, 137, 149, 151, 159n22. See also Citizenship Cerro Prieto, 26 Chihuahua, 3, 7, 132, 143, 148 Children: abuse of, 47, 75, 78, 92–93, 126–27, 130, 133–34; adoption of, 48, 128–29, 133, 176n29; adult children caring for elders, 117, 123–24; attitudes toward rearing indigenous children, 41–43, 121–23; breastfeeding of, 119; as captives, 128–29; circulation of, 127–30, 132–34, 141, 177n27, 178n30; and courtship , 53; custody battles over, 68, 128, 130–32; and death of a parent, 96–98, 100–101; and disputes with elders, 124–27; and ethnic conflict, 128–30, 154; financial support of, 68, 72–73, 78, 80, 84; and illegitimacy, 15, 46–48, 113–14, 128–32; and inheritance, 44, 48, 73, 100, 103–4, 106–14, 124–25; as laborers , 13–14, 102, 113, 121, 128, 130, 132–34, 141, 144–46; and moral education, 21, 120, 164n50; and mortality, 119; natural, 73, 106–10, 132, 169n51; and parental authority, 15, 20, 45–46, 68, 117, 121–23, 128, 134–35; and public education, 120–23, 176n11; rearing of, 6, 9, 11, 21, 41–43, 51, 54, 70, 72–73, 76, 101, 104, 108, 118–23, 128–34, 164n50; and stages of childhood, 118–19. See...

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