Organizing U.S. Foreign Aid: Confronting the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century

Contents

v Foreword vii Lael Brainard A New Urgency: International Development and U.S. Foreign Policy 1 The Nature of Development 4 What Is Foreign Aid? 6 The Mission and Purposes of U.S. Foreign Aid 7 A Short History of Aid 10 Organizational Landscape of U.S. Foreign Aid 13 Structure and Processes of the U.S. Agency for International Development 32 The Political Context of U.S. International Assistance 37 Alternative Approaches: Other Aid-Giving Donor Countries 43 Foreign Aid in the Twenty-first Century 45 Challenges and Opportunities: Recommendations and Options for Organizing U.S. Foreign Aid 50 Conclusion 64 Notes 67 Index 73 Contents vi ❚ CONTENTS Figures 1. U.S. Financial Aid—Official Development Assistance and Official Assistance, 1946–2003 8 2. DAC-OECD Financial Aid—Official Development Assistance as Percentage of Gross National Income, 2004 9 3. Selected Federal Agencies Responsible for Distributing Foreign Aid 22 4. Unified Development Agency for the United States 52 Boxes U.S. Foreign Aid Programs, 2004 14 Development Assistance: Congressional Earmarks and Directives, 2005 39 ...