Through Their Eyes: Foreign Correspondents in the United States

Notes

Notes 165 G U I D E 1. For example, see Bill Lawrence, Six Presidents, Too Many Wars (Saturday Review Press, 1972). Lawrence covered the White House for the New York Times and ABC. He writes: “I came to know all these men [presidents Franklin Roosevelt through Richard Nixon] well, well enough so each of them called me ‘Bill’ ” (p. 6). 2. Leo C. Rosten’s Ph.D. dissertation from the University of Chicago, published as The Washington Correspondents (1937; repr. Arno Press, 1974). 3. Dan D. Nimmo, Newsgathering in Washington: A Study in Political Communication (New York: Atherton, 1964). 4. Bernard G. Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (Princeton University Press, 1963). 5. The Newswork series and the following books, which I wrote or edited during this period, were published by the Brookings Institution Press: The Presidential Campaign (1974, 1978, 1988), Organizing the Presidency (1976, 1988, 2002), Presidents and the Presidency (1996), News and Newsmaking (1996), The Little Book of Campaign Etiquette (1998, 2002), and The Media and the War on Terrorism (2003), with Marvin Kalb. I also contributed chapters to the Brookings books Elections American Style (1987), Critical Choices (1989), Congress, the Press, and the Public (1994), The Permanent Campaign and Its Future (2000), Innocent until Nominated (2001), and United We Serve (2003); and to Media Power: Professionals and Policies (Routledge, 2000) and, with Kathryn Dunn Tenpas, to Considering the Bush Presidency (Oxford, 2004). 6. On the “Image of the United States,” the report concludes, “When the publics of the 16 nations covered by the survey were asked to give favorability ratings of five major leading nations—the United States, Germany, China, Japan, and France—the U.S. fared the worst of the group.” On the “Image of the American people,” the conclusion was that “the favorability ratings of Americans have declined since 2002 in 9 of the 12 countries for which data exists for that year.” The Pew Global Attitudes Project, June 23, 2005, pp. 1, 2, 11, and 20. However, as Anne Applebaum points out, there are still people in the world who admire Americans. See her “In Search of Pro-Americanism,” Foreign Policy (July-August 2005): 32–40. 7. U.S. Department of State, remarks of Secretary Condoleezza Rice, March 14, 2005. 8. See Patrick Bishop, “America’s Hard Cash and Soft Words Fail to Woo Arabs,” Daily Telegraph (London), March 25, 2005; Corey Pein, “The New Wave,” Columbia Journalism Review (May–June 2005): 28; and Neil King Jr., “Sparking Debate, Radio Czar Retools Government Media,” Wall Street Journal, June 20, 2005. 166 NOTES 9. See Paul Singer, “But Did the CIA Kill Kennedy?” National Journal, June 4, 2005, p. 1694; see also the Department of State web page: http://usinfo.state.gov/media/ media_resources/misinformation.html. 10. Lars Willnat and David Weaver, “Through Their Eyes: The Work of Foreign Correspondents in the United States,” Journalism 4, no. 4 (2003): 403–04. Also see Stephen Hess and Marvin Kalb, The Media and the War on Terrorism, chapters on foreign correspondents , pp. 198–219, and public diplomacy, pp. 223–86. 11. Facsimiles of completed questionnaires and a list of survey and interview respondents can be found in the appendixes. 12. Jeremy Tunstall, The Media Are American (Columbia University Press, 1977). C O N T E X T 1. “Foreign Correspondent Reflects on Reporting in Iraq,” Centerpoint, September 2004 (Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars newsletter). 2. Excellent introductions to this subject include Robert L. Stevenson, Global Communication in the Twenty-First Century (Longman, 1994), and Melvin L. DeFleur and Everette E. Dennis, Understanding Mass Communication (Houghton Mifflin, 2002). 3. See Jon Vanden Heuvel and Everette E. Dennis, The Unfolding Lotus: East Asia’s Changing Media (Freedom Forum Media Studies Center, 1993). 4. See John C. Merrill, “Global Media: A Newspaper Community of Reason,” Media Studies Journal 4 (Fall 1990): 93. 5. Anne Nelson’s students are listed by country in the acknowledgments, as are the diplomats who were interviewed by the Brookings interns in Washington. 6. See Adrian Karatnycky, “The 2003 Freedom House Survey: National Income and Liberty,” Journal of Democracy 15 (January 2004): 82–93. 7. Quoted in George Kennedy, “The British See Things Differently,” Columbia Journalism Review (March/April 2002), p. 49. 8. Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel, Warp Speed: America in the Age of Mixed Media (Century Foundation Press, 1999), p. 9. 9. Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland, with a combined population of 20 million, had forty-three correspondents listed...