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Notes Preface 1. David Adamany, “Introduction,” in The Semi-Sovereign People, edited by by E. E. Schattschneider (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975), p. ix. 2. Ibid., p. x. 3. James W. Ceaser, Liberal Democracy and Political Science (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), p. 2; Harvey C. Mansfield, America’s Constitutional Soul (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), p. 1; Raymond Seidelman quoted in Gabriel A. Almond, A Discipline Divided: Schools and Sects in Political Science (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications , 1990), p. 19. 4. Bernard Crick, In Defence of Politics (University of Chicago Press, 1972), p. 195. Chapter 1 1. For ease of reading and in keeping with common usage in newspapers and policy circles, I will use national service as shorthand for domestic civilian national service, although it is important to note that this study focuses only on the latter, more limited, category. 2. For a full explanation of public policy for democracy, see Steven Rathgeb Smith and Helen Ingram, “Public Policy and Democracy,” in Public Policy for Democracy, edited by Helen Ingram and Steven Rathgeb Smith (Brookings, 1993), pp. 1–18. 3. See, for example, Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (University of Chicago Press, 1991). 4. For discussion of army enlistment and college attendance as institutions, see Ronald L. Jepperson, “Institutions, Institutional Effects, and Institutionalism,” in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Powell and DiMaggio, pp. 143–63. 5. Paul Pierson, “Public Policies as Institutions,” in Rethinking Political Institutions: The Art of the State, edited by Stephen Skowronek, Daniel Galvin, and Ian Shapiro (New York University Press, 2006), p. 116. 249 13-2380-6 notes.indd 249 12/24/12 10:45 AM 250 notes to pages 4–12 6. In this I differentiate institutionalization from programmatic entrenchment, whereby a program becomes highly resistant to change or elimination because of strong interest group support, high transition cost, or other factors but does not necessarily have a broad or deep impact on society, the public, or even large numbers of beneficiaries. 7. Smith and Ingram, “Public Policy and Democracy,” p. 1. 8. See, for example, Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), and National Commission on Civic Renewal, A Nation of Spectators: How Civic Engagement Weakens America and What We Can Do about It (University of Maryland, 1998). 9. See, for example, ServiceNation, “Strategies for Becoming a Nation of Service: Policy Blueprint” (www.bethechangeinc.org/servicenation/policy/policy_blueprint); Richard Stengel, Jeremy Caplan, and Kristina Dell, “A Time to Serve,” Time, September 10, 2007, pp. 48–67; and William A. Galston, “The Case for Universal Service,” in The AmeriCorps Experiment and the Future of National Service, edited by Will Marshall and Marc Porter Magee (Washington: Progressive Policy Institute, 2005), chap. 6. 10. Paul Pierson, “When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change,” World Politics 45, no. 4 (July 1993): 595–628. 11. Anne Larason Schneider and Helen Ingram, Policy Design for Democracy (University of Kansas Press, 1997). 12. Suzanne Mettler, “Bringing the State Back in to Civic Engagement: Policy Feedback Effects of the GI Bill for World War II Veterans,” American Political Science Review 96, no. 2 (June 2002): 351–65. 13. Suzanne Mettler, Soldiers to Citizens: The GI Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation (Oxford University Press, 2007). 14. Paul Pierson, “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics,” American Political Science Review 94, no. 2 (June 2000): 251–67. 15. Eric M. Patashnik, Reforms at Risk: What Happens after Major Policy Changes Are Enacted (Princeton University Press, 2008). 16. Schneider and Ingram, Policy Design for Democracy. Chapter 2 1. For a description and analysis of civilian national service from a comparative perspective , see Amanda Moore McBride and Michael Sherraden, Civic Service Worldwide: Impacts and Inquiry (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2006), and Donald J. Eberly and Michael Sherraden, The Moral Equivalent of War? A Study of Non-Military Service in Nine Nations (New York: Greenwood Press, 1990). 2. Anne Larason Schneider and Helen Ingram, Policy Design for Democracy (University of Kansas Press, 1997). 3. Paul Pierson, “When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change,” World Politics 45, no. 4 (July 1993): 595–628; Suzanne Mettler, “Bringing the State Back in to Civic Engagement: Policy Feedback Effects of the GI Bill for World War II Veterans,” American Political Science Review 96, no. 2 (June 2002): 351–65. 4. Eric M. Patashnik...

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