Ecumenism, Memory, and German Nationalism, 1817-1917

Notes

121 Notes Introduction 1. On the myths and master narratives of the Protestant Reformation, see C. Scott Dixon, The German Reformation: The Essential Readings (Oxford: Blackwell , 1999), and R. W. Scribner and C. Scott Dixon, The German Reformation, 2nd ed. (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). 2. Robert Southard, Droysen and the Prussian School of History (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995), and Stefan Berger, The Search for Normality : National Identity and Historical Consciousness in Germany since 1800 (New York: Berghahm Books, 1997). 3. Margaret Lavinia Anderson, “Living Apart and Together in Germany,” in Protestants, Catholics, and Jews in Germany, 1800–1914, ed. Helmut Walser Smith (Oxford: Berg, 2001), 320. 4. Olaf Blaschke, “Das 19. Jahrhundert: Ein Zweites Konfessionelles Zeitalter ?,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 26 (2000): 38–75. See also Olaf Blaschke, ed., Konfessionen im Konflikt: Deutschland zwischen 1800 und 1970; Ein zweites konfessionelles Zeitalter (Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2002). 5. For a sample of recent scholarship on German nationalism that challenges the master narratives of German national unification from regional, gendered, and sociocultural perspectives, see Abigail Green, Fatherlands: State-Building and Nationhood in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001); Karen Hagemann, “Männlicher Muth und Teutsche Ehre”: Nation, Militär und Geschlecht zur Zeit der Antinapoleonischen Kriege Preussens (Paderborn , Germany: Schöningh, 2002); Michael Rowe, From Reich to State: The Rhineland in the Revolutionary Age, 1780–1830 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003); and Katherine B. Aaslestad, Place and Politics: Local Identity, Civic Culture and German Nationalism in North Germany during the Revolutionary Era (Leiden: Brill, 2005). 6. For the confessionalization of the German national idea during the nineteenth century, see Wolfgang Altgeld, Katholizismus, Protestantismus, Judentum: 122 Notes to Pages xvi–xix Über religiös begründete Gegensätze und nationalreligiöse Ideen in der Geschichte des deutschen Nationalismus (Mainz, Germany: Matthias-Grünewald, 1992); Joel F. Harrington and Helmut Walser Smith, “Confessionalization, Community, and State Building in Germany, 1555–1870,” Journal of Modern History 69, no. 1 (March 1997): 77–101; Helmut Walser Smith, German Nationalism and Religious Conflict: Culture, Ideology, Politics, 1870–1914 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Heinz-Gerhard Haupt and Dieter Langewiesche, eds., Nation und Religion in der deutschen Geschichte (Frankfurt a.M.: Campus Verlag , 2001); and Keith H. Pickus “Native Born Strangers: Jews, Catholics and the German Nation,” in Religion und Nation, Nation und Religion: Beiträge zu einer unbewältigten Geschichte, ed. Micheal Geyer and Hartmut Lehmann (Göttingen, Germany: Wallstein, 2004). 7. William Adolf Visser ’t Hooft, “The Word ‘Ecumenical’—Its History and Use,” in A History of the Ecumenical Movement, 1517–1948, 2nd ed., ed. Ruth Rouse and Stephan Charles Niell (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1967), 735–37. 8. In addition to the predominantly used terms Ecumenism (Ökumene) and Irenicism (Irenik), nineteenth-century German proponents of church unity variously used the terms Convergence (Annäherung), Unity Efforts (Einheitsbestrebung ), Concord (Eintracht), Union Attempts (Unionsversuche), Union (Vereinigung ), Understanding (Verständigung), and Reunion (Wiedervereinigung) to refer to their causes. 9. For the one and only general history of German ecumenism from the Reformation through the twentieth century, see Manfred P. Fleischer, Katholische und lutherische Ireniker: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des 19. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, Germany: Musterschmidt, 1968). 10. See Smith, ed., Protestants, Catholics, and Jews. 11. See Helmut Walser Smith, The Continuities of German History: Nation, Religion, and Race across the Long Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), and Konrad H. Jarausch and Michael Geyer Shattered Past: Reconstructing German Histories (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003). 12. George S. Williamson, “A Religious Sonderweg? Reflections on the Sacred and the Secular in the Historiography of Modern Germany,” Church History 75, no. 1 (March 2006): 142. While starting with the confessional divide, Williamson himself had already moved beyond that point. His The Longing for Myth in Germany: Religion and Aesthetic Culture from Herder to Nietzsche (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004) recounted how German mythology provided a shared sense of intellectual and cultural community to Germans across the confessional divide. Notes to Pages xxi–xxiii 123 13. Thomas Nipperdey, Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck, 1800–1866, trans. Daniel Nolan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 1. See also Tim Blanning, “Napoleon and German Identity,” History Today 48, no. 4 (April 1998): 37–43, and John Breuilly, “The Response to Napoleon and German Nationalism ,” in The Bee and the Eagle: Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy...