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vii Illustrations Map of Turkey around 1940  xviii 1. Ali Salim Peker (1881–1953), a Trabzon resident, in 1923  28 2. Ali Salim’s brothers displaying different forms of hats  30 3. Prisoners, prison employees, and guard, at the Akçaabat prison, Trabzon, 1930s  37 4. Muhittin Tanyolaç with his wife Azize and their son Kemal, Midye/Kıyıköy, 1935  64 5. The new woman as the symbol of the nation on the fifth anniversary of the Republic  79 6. An idealized image of women wearing peçe, çarşaf, yaşmak, and peştemal  89 7. “Reform in Clothing and Marriage”  92 8. Three generations of a Trabzon family after return from World War I muhacirlik  106 9. Belkıs Peker fashionably dressed in a çarşaf  107 10. Belkıs Peker in a hat  108 11. Belkıs Peker in a two-piece suit, with no scarf or hat  109 12. Graduating seniors of Trabzon High School with their teachers, 1938  114 13. A Turkish type case using modified Arabic characters  142 14. The Atatürk Memorial, Kadıköy, İstanbul  145 viii  Illustrations 15. “Everyone Is Learning to Read”  150 16. “The Gazi’s Reading Nation”  151 17. The new type case after the Alphabet Law  155 18. “The Army Is a People’s School”  157 19. Kitabi Hamdi Efendi with his children, circa 1899  165 20. Kitabi Hamdi (Efendi) Başman, circa 1940  166 21. Celebrating Children’s Day in Maraş, 1936  193 22. School children and teachers celebrating 23 April, Maraş, 1936  194 23. “What Have We Accomplished?”  201 24. Celebrating Children’s Day in Aydın, 1934  211 25. Celebrating Children’s Day in Muğla, 1934  212 ...

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