The Second Coming of Paisley: Militant Fundamentalism and Ulster Politics

Notes

265 Notes Introduction 1. “7,000 See Church Opened,” Protestant Telegraph, 11 Oct. 1969; Bob Jones Jr. to John R. Rice, undated, Fundamentalism File, Bob Jones Univ., Greenville, SC. Within his letter, Jones reported not only on the opening of the new church, but also on the British army’s threatening attitude; Jones accused the army of preventing many worshippers from attending. But Jones was upbeat: that day 150 men and women gave themselves to God and became “saved.” 2. In Northern Ireland, Loyalists proclaim a conditional loyalty to the British Crown (as long as the royal family remains Protestant) but will oppose the British government if British policy contradicts the Loyalist political agenda; their British identity is essentially imperial. Unionists support the political union between Great Britain and Northern Ireland and are loyal to Westminster. There is also a class distinction: Loyalists tend to be working class, whereas Unionists are primarily from the upper and middle classes. Complicating these identities, a working-class Loyalist can also be a Unionist, but it is rare for upper- and middle-class Unionists to consider themselves Loyalists. 3. “New Evangelicals,” who wanted a dialogue with liberal Christians and who were willing to compromise with ecumenists, appeared after the Second World War—Billy Graham being the most relevant to militant fundamentalists. The WCC was formed in August 1948 as an ecumenical forum to eliminate the theological differences between various Christian denominations. 4. Ian H. Murray, Spurgeon v. Hyper-Calvinism: The Battle for Gospel Preaching (Carlisle , PA: Banner of Truth Trust, 1951), 66–99. 5. Robert G. Clouse, “Introduction,” in The Meaning of the Millennium: Four Views, edited by Robert G. Clouse, 7–13 (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1977); George Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism: 1870–1925 (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1980), 66–68. 6. Bob Jones Jr., Fundamentals of Faith: A Series of Chapel Messages on the Bob Jones University Creed (Greenville, SC: Bob Jones Univ. Press, 1964), 5–56; Carl McIntire, The Testimony of Separation (Collingswood, NJ: Christian Beacon Press, 1952); Ian R. K. Paisley , Christian Foundations (Greenville, SC: Bob Jones Univ. Press, 1971); Ian R. K. Paisley, 266 † Notes to Pages 6–9 For Such a Time as This: Recollections, Reflections, Recognitions (Belfast: Ambassador, 1999), 12–49. 7. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, 4–6; Ernest Sandeen, The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism 1800–1930 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1970), ix–xix; David N. Livingstone and Ronald A. Wells, Ulster-American Religion: Episodes in the History of a Cultural Connection (Notre Dame, IN: Univ. of Notre Dame Press, 1999), 7–10. 8. “Ulster Needs Deliverance,” Protestant Telegraph, 13 June 1970. To Paisley and like-minded militant fundamentalists, “Bible Protestants” are those Christians who base their faith and practice on a literal interpretation of scripture and are for the most part independent of mainstream denominations. 9. “Were the Reformers Right in Separating from the Church of Rome at Reformation ? By Ian R. K. Paisley,” “The Pope’s Pedigree,” and “John Knox,” Protestant Telegraph, 22 Oct. 1966, 28 Oct. 1967, 12 Dec. 1970. 10. Because Catholics suffered discrimination in public-sector jobs and Protestant– controlled companies, O’Neill needed to create better employment opportunities (E. A. Aunger, “Religion and Occupational Class in Northern Ireland,” Economic and Social Review 7 [1975], 16). 11. Steve Bruce, God Save Ulster! The Religion and Politics of Paisleyism (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989); Ed Moloney, Paisley: From Demagogue to Democrat? (Dublin: Poolbeg, 2008). In the 1960s, Loyalists opposed both the liberalism of the O’Neill administration and Catholic civil rights, while supporting the political union between Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom. In the 1970s, Loyalist political activism expanded to include opposition to British government policy; Loyalists detested Westminster’s efforts to bring Ulster’s Catholic community and the Republic of Ireland into a political settlement in Northern Ireland and thought British security policy ineffective. 12. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, 1–61. Fundamentalists opposed the loosening of public morality, liberal intellectual ideas, and the cultural influences that arose out of Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Jewish immigration. 13. Livingstone and Wells, 101–37. 14. Steve Bruce, Paisley: Religion and Politics in Northern Ireland (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2007), 20–21. 15. James Morris, The Preachers (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1973), 189–231. 16. “Bible Conference Notes,” Fellowship News, 27 Apr. 1968. 17. Tim Pat Coogan, The Troubles: Ireland’s Ordeal, 1966–1995, and the Search for...