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409 Notes 1. “Work of National Importance under Civilian Direction” 1. Gary B. Nash, American Odyssey: The United States in the 20th Century, 498. 2. Thomas V. Dibacco, Lorna C. Mason, and Christian G. Appy, History of the United States, 2:407–8. 3. Leslie Eisen, Pathways of Peace: A History of the Civilian Public Service Program Administered by the Brethren Service Committee, 31–33; Melvin Gingerich, Service for Peace: A History of the Mennonite Civilian Public Service, 5–13; Mulford Q. Sibley and Philip E. Jacob, Conscription of Conscience: The American State and the Conscientious Objector, 1940–1947, 11. Eisen, Gingerich, and Sibley and Jacob had firsthand knowledge of conscientious objectors during World War II and wrote their books soon after the end of the war. Eisen and Gingerich focused specifically on the experiences of members of the Church of the Brethren and the Mennonites, respectively. Sibley and Jacob devoted more attention to members of other religions as well as nonreligious objectors during the war. Each of these books was based on primary source documents and included appendixes containing copies of laws or Executive Orders, memoranda, and statements by church committees. 4. Quoted in Albert N. Keim and Grant M. Stoltzfus, The Politics of Conscience: The Historic Peace Churches and America at War, 1917–1955, 35–36. 5. Gingerich, Service for Peace, 25. 6. Congressional Record, 66th Cong., 1st sess., 3063–66, reprinted in Lillian Schlissel, ed., Conscience in America: A Documentary History of Conscientious Objection in America, 1757–1967, 162. 7. Quoted in Eisen, Pathways of Peace, 23. 8. Quoted in Gingerich, Service for Peace, 10. 9. Ibid. 10. Sibley and Jacob, Conscription of Conscience, 14, 16. 11. Keim and Stoltzfus, Politics of Conscience, 54. 12. Reprinted in Sibley and Jacob, Conscription of Conscience, 485. 13. Keim and Stoltzfus, Politics of Conscience, 77. 14. Eisen, Pathways of Peace, 35. 15. Keim and Stoltzfus, Politics of Conscience, 77. 16. Gingerich, Service for Peace, 41. 17. NSBRO, Congress Looks at the Conscientious Objector. This publication reprinted excerpts of testimony presented before and submitted to U.S. Senate and House hearings on conscientious objectors. 18. Ibid., 8, 22, 25. 19. Ibid., 4. 410   |   Notes to Pages 13–23 20. Ibid., 28. 21. Ibid., 24. 22. Ibid., 10. 23. Ibid. 24. Gingerich, Service for Peace, 52–61; Keim and Stoltzfus, Politics of Conscience, 94–95. 25. George Q. Flynn, Lewis B. Hershey: Mr. Selective Service, 69. 26. Keim and Stoltzfus, Politics of Conscience, 104. 27. Ibid. 28. Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, Section 5[g], reprinted in Sibley and Jacob, Conscription of Conscience, 487. 29. Diary of Paul Comly French, October 2, 1940, CDGA, SCPC. See also Gingerich, Service for Peace, 56. 30. Diary of French, October 2, 1940, SCPC. 31. Keim and Stoltzfus, Politics of Conscience, 10. 32. Diary of French, October 5, 1940, SCPC. 33. M. R. Zigler in Heather T. Frazier and John O’Sullivan, “We Have Just Begun Not to Fight”: An Oral History of Conscientious Objectors in Civilian Public Service During World War II, 8. Frazier and O’Sullivan’s book contains the verbatim accounts of former conscientious objectors and others involved in the Civilian Public Service based on interviews. 34. Paul Comly French, Four Year Report of Civilian Public Service, May 15, 1941 to March 1, 1945, 12. 35. Ibid., 12–13. 36. Gingerich, Service for Peace, 56–57. 37. Flynn, Lewis B. Hershey, 75. 38. Rachel Waetner Goossen, Woman Against the Good War: Conscientious Objection and Gender on the American Home Front, 1941–1947, 107. 39. Diary of French, October 2, 1940, SCPC. 40. AFSC, The Experience of the American Friends Service Committee in the Civilian Public Service under the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, 1941–1945, 5; Gingerich, Service for Peace, 58. 41. Reprinted in Sibley and Jacob, Conscription of Conscience, 494–95. 42. Reprinted in ibid., 496. 2. “Religious Training and Belief” 1. Flynn, Lewis B. Hershey, 76. 2. Sibley and Jacob, Conscription of Conscience, 83. 3. The Selective Service and NSBRO gave different figures on the number of men in the Civilian Public Service: 11,500 (Selective Service) versus 11,996 (NSBRO) (ibid., 83, 168). 4. Albert N. Keim, The CPS Story: An Illustrated History of the Civilian Public Service, 8. 5. United States v. Seeger, 380 U.S. 163. 6. Time, January 25, 1971. 7. Philip Berrigan with Fred A. Wilcox, Fighting the Lamb’s War: Skirmishes with the American Empire, 79, 93–108. 8. Ibid., 105...

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