The Revolutionary Roots of Modern Yiddish, 1903-1917

Author's Note

xv Author’s Note For Yiddish words, this work follows the orthographic standards of the YIVO Institute of Jewish Research, except in those instances where there exist commonly accepted spellings for proper names [hence Max Weinreich and not Maks Vaynraykh, Peretz and not Perets]. For Hebrew and Russian words, I have used the system of the Library of Congress. In the case of the many Yiddish titles of works, I have provided the English translation in the first instance and use the Yiddish title thereafter. Because of the generational argument that I present in this work, the birth and death dates of the figures mentioned are provided in most instances. In the case of the Russian tsars and tsarina, the dates of their reigns are shown. Dates are cited according to the Julian calendar, which was twelve days behind the Gregorian calendar in the nineteenth century, and thirteen in the twentieth. All translations, unless otherwise noted, are my own. T h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y R o o t s o f Modern Yiddish 1 9 0 3 —1 9 1 7 ...