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125 Glossary bey. A high rank in the Ottoman administration, lower than a pasha. daya. A traditional midwife. effendi. An Ottoman title meaning “lord” or “master.” In the nineteenth century, it was used as a form of address or reference for persons possessing a certain standard of literacy, approximate equivalent of the English mister or French monsieur. Formally, it was also used to designate functionaries in the Ottoman administration. fatwa. Responsa; legal opinion issued by an Islamic legal scholars regarding a specific legal matter, in a response to a question addressed to them. fiqh. Islamic jurisprudence; the science of religious law. hadd. Punishment of acts that have been forbidden or sanctioned by punishments in the Qur’an and have thereby become crimes against religion and are liable to corporal punishment. These are unlawful intercourse (zina), false accusation of unlawful intercourse (qadhf), drinking wine, theft, and highway robbery. hakima. A doctoress, a female medical practitioner. Hanafi. One of the four schools of thought within Sunni Islam. jinn. Spirits, invisible beings, either harmful or helpful, that interfere with the lives of mortals. khedive. A Persian word meaning “ruler.” Used exclusively by Egypt’s rulers as the rulers’ formal title after 1867, used domestically before that date as well. mahr. The gift that the bridegroom has to give the bride when the marriage contract is made and which becomes the property of the wife. mahr al-mithl. A mahr of a similar (girl); the amount of the bridal gift, which is determined through the social ranking of the male lineage to which she belongs, as well as her personal qualities. mufti. Muslim jurist who delivers a nonbinding legal opinion known as fatwa. pasha. A high rank in the Ottoman administration. qadhf. A false accusation of zina. 126 | Glossary qadi. A judge at the shari‘a court. qanun. A legal code issued by the ruler, which supplements the shari‘a. Shafi‘i. One of the four schools of thought within Sunni Islam. shari‘a. Islamic law. shaykh. Literally, an elderly man. In this period, a head of a tribe, a village, a neighborhood , or a guild. siyasa. An extra-shari‘a judiciary. ‘ulama. Scholars specializing in Islamic law, including qadis and muftis. umm walad. Literally, a child’s mother. A slave who had her master’s child and therefore cannot be resold and is emancipated upon her master’s death. zar. Spirit possession cult, practiced mainly by women. zina. Illicit sexual relations. ...

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