Veiled Employment: Islamism and the Political Economy of Women’s Employment in Iran

Index

329 Index Abu-Lughod, Lila, 21 Addiction. See Drugs Adelkhah, Fariba, 194 Afghanistan, 30; carpet weavers from, 178n3, 179, 181–83, 189; literacy rate for carpet weavers from, 181, 183; opium production in, 192, 195, 213–14; refugees from, 25, 37, 46, 178, 178n2, 189, 214, 217; women in, 24, 141 Africa, 4, 8. See also MENA (Middle East and North Africa) countries Age: carpet weavers by sex, nationality , and, 180; carpet weavers with sex structure and, 179–80; first marriage and average, 105; unemployment rates for 1976 and 2006 by, 161 Age pattern: of employment and LFP rate in rural areas, 143; of employment and LFP rate in urban areas, 142; of LFP in rural areas, 140; of LFP in urban areas, 139 Age pyramid (Iran), 106 Agricultural production: capital invested in, 29; as IGA, 202; shift to cash crops for export, 54; women’s role in, 53–54, 56, 135, 261n1 Ahmadinejad, Mahmood: elections of 2005 and, 116; NGOs under, 91; political report card, 118–19 AIDS/HIV, 276 Akhundzadeh, Mirza Fath Ali, 58 Alaifar, Elaheh, 120 Algeria, manufacturing in, 43 Alizadeh, Parvin, 49 Alliance Society (Hey‘at-e Mo’talefeh), 71n5 Amin, Samir, 9 Amsden, A., 5 Anker, Martha, 30 Anker, Richard, 30, 49 Annan, Kofi, 14 Anticolonialist movement, 7–8 Aram, Sam, 84n1 Arts, 111–12 Asadabadi, Sayyid Jamal al-Din (al-Afghani), 7, 58 Ashraf (princess), 64 Assaad, Ragui, 27, 28 Ataturk, Kemal, 59 Automotive industry, 81 Awqaf (trusts), 57 “Axis of evil,” 303 Page numbers in italics denote figures and tables. 330 • Index Baby boomers, 164 Bahramitash, Roksana, 1, 11, 35n9, 84n1, 103; on decline of manufacturing in postrevolution period, 24; de-veiling and great-grandmother of, 59n1; on education’s influence on women, 39, 278, 285; on service sector growth, 46–47; on sexual segregated labor markets , 235; on street vendors, 250, 252; on women’s preference for informal sector, 18, 24 Bakhtiaris, 56 Baladi women, 21 Bangladesh, women in, 16–17 Banks: Grameen, 203, 204, 208, 223, 228; loans from foreign, 78; Shari‘a law and interest charged by, 83–84. See also World Bank Bayat, Rafat, 88, 110, 111n5 Bazargan, 67 Beggars, street, 250–51 Behdad, Sohrab, 33, 34, 148; on impact of revolution on class relations, 50; on issues with census data, 37; on state’s preference for males in upperlevel work groups, 47 Behruzi, Maryam, 196 Benería, Lourdes, 55, 275–76 Beyto’l mal (Islamic treasury financed by Islamic taxes), 193 “Big Push,” 3 Birth, life expectancy at, 107. See also Fertility rates Black feminists, 19 Black market, 226 Bonyad-e Shahid (Martyr’s Foundation ), 199 Bonyads (foundations tied to Supreme Leader), 78, 81 Boserup, Ester, 11, 55 Bourguiba, Habib, 61 Boycotts. See Economic sanctions Boyr Ahmad: forced settlements of tribes in, 63; low rate of femaleheaded households in, 197; nomad populations in, 63, 208; pastoralists , 55–56 Boys, in child labor, 173, 182n4. See also Children Brain drain, 29, 35–37, 35n9, 277 Brazil, economic growth in, 13 Bureau of Women’s Affairs (BWA), 113 Bush, George W., 303 Business/career, obstacles to advancement of, 269, 271. See also Homebased businesses BWA (Bureau of Women’s Affairs), 113 Capital, 29, 133, 189, 231; foreign investments with, 26, 78; goods, 202; human, 149, 165, 274, 278, 282, 286, 293; informal jobs and sources of initial, 241; invested in agricultural sector, 29; invested in automotive industry, 81; mobility, 167, 169; start-up, 203, 206, 207, 212, 219, 223, 241 Career/business, obstacles to advancement of, 269, 271. See also Home-based businesses Carpet industry, 53, 128, 152; age/ sex/nationality of weavers in, 180; carpet weavers in handwoven, 173–89; children in, 173, 177–78, 181–83, 187, 189; in China, 46, 170, 171–72; economic sanctions influencing, 33; export value in Index • 331 US dollars, 129; growth of, 54; high cost of materials in, 185, 185n6; in India, 171–72; literacy rate in, 181; made up of cottage industries, 138, 170; in Pakistan, 171–72; Persian carpet exports, 170; production, employment, and exports in handwoven, 171; refugee labor in, 46; share of Iran in international carpet, 170–73; share of weaving in household income, 187; weavers by kind of production in, 186. See also Handwoven carpet industry Carpet weavers: Afghan, 178n3, 179, 181–83, 189; age and sex structure of, 179–80; case of women, 166–90; childcare for home-based, 179, 187; conclusions , 189–90...