Islamist Opposition in Authoritarian Regimes: The Party of Justice and Development in Morocco

Index

165 Index Abed-Kotob, Sana, xxvi absenteeism, 102–3 Abu Zaid, al-Muqri al-Idrissi, 38, 96 activism: degree of, 55–57; educational level and, 25; ideology and, xxix, 30–31, 56–57n37; of MUR members, 49n29 Agadir, 85 Alaoui dynasty, 1–2 Algeria, xx–xxvii, xxin2, xlii, 74 alternance government, 12–15; goals of, 5; government leadership and, 133; PJD support for, 76, 96–102, 99, 121, 125 Amman terrorist attacks (2005), 128–29 Amnesty International, 10 Anderson, Lisa, xxiii antiterrorism law, 87, 89–90, 128–29, 129n11, 137–38 ‘Arabiyyat, ‘Abd al-Latif, 126–27, 141n31 Arsalane, Fathallah, 29, 120n25 Article 19, 13, 13n20, 73 Article 24, 14n22, 73 Al-‘Asr (Time), 60, 60n43 Assembly of Councillors (Majlis al-Mustasharin ), 14, 78 Assembly of Representatives of Morocco (Majlis al-Nuwab), 14, 78, 108n11 Association for Islamic Predication (Jam‘iyat al-Da-‘wa), 22, 22n38 Association marocaine des droits humains (Moroccan Human Rights Association), 78 ateliers (workshops), 39 Auda, Gehad, xxvi, 141n31 Aujourd’hui le Maroc, 83n11 authenticity (party platform), 104 authoritarian regimes: competitive, xxvii– xxviii, xxviiinn12–13, xli; compromise with, 70–71; costs/benefits of electoral participation in, xxviii–xxx, xxxiii; democratization pressure in, xxi–xxii; electoral, xx, xxvii–xxviii, xxviinn11–12, xxviiin13, xli–xliii; hegemonic, xxvii– xxx, xxviiin12, xli, 123–43; ISMOs and, xxiiin6; legitimization of, xxviii, xxxiii; opposition parties’ strategies within, xxx– xxxiii, 123–43; single-party, xliin27 Baaklini, Abdo, 14n21 Baha, Abdallah, 23, 23n40, 34, 90 ballot boxes, transparent, 81n7 Basri, Driss, 11n16, 77 Bayroux, François, 91 Ben Barka, Mehdi, 6n7 Bendourou, Omar, 11n16 Benjelloun, Omar, 22, 22n36 Italic page numbers denote illustrations and tables. 166 | Index Benkirane, Abdelilah: 1997 elections and, 75–76; on constitutional reform, 77–78, 78n4; Islamic Group and, 23, 23n40; leadership of, 119; PJD founding and, 34; Willis on, 82n10 Bermo, Nancy, xxvn9 bidonvilles (shantytowns), 8 bills, drafting, 109, 111, 111n14 Birenbaum, Guy, xliv–xlv Bouabid, Ma‘ti, 8, 8–9n10 Boukhoubza, Amine, 96 Boulif, Mohamed Najib, 90n19 boycotts, electoral. See electoral boycotts boycotts, of Parliament, 75 bread riots, xxi–xxii British Labour Party, xxxviii, xxxviiin22, xxxixn24 Burgat, François, xxivn7 by-laws: of MCPD, 34; of PJD, 35–38, 36n6, 47, 47n26, 50–51 cabinet members, 63–64, 100, 106–8 cadres, 50, 50n32, 86 CAM (Committee for Action in Morocco, Comité d’action marocaine), 2–3n3 candidates. See electoral candidates Casablanca district, 105 Casablanca terrorist attacks (2003): effect on PJD, xlv, 64, 65, 83–85, 83n11, 87, 87n14, 94; security crackdown after, xlvn31; terrorism law and, 89 case studies, xx, xxn1 Catusse, Myriam, 13 Chambers of Agriculture, 14n21 Chambers of Commerce, 14n21 Chambers of Industry, 14n21 charitable associations, 30, 141, 141n33 cities. See urban areas Clark, Janine, xxv, xxvn10 colonialism, 1, 2n2 Combs-Schilling, M. E., 2n2 Comité d’action marocaine (Committee for Action in Morocco), 2–3n3 “Commander of the Faithful”: Article 19 on, 13, 13n20, 73; Hassan II as, 29, 29n51; Mohammed VI as, 66, 66n50, 84n12, 88; monarchic rule and, 19 Committee for Action in Morocco (Comité d’action marocaine), 2–3n3 Communist Party, xln26, 3n4, 4, 7 competition, xxx, xxxi, 72–73, 97, 97n4, 139 competitive authoritarian regimes, xxvii– xxviii, xxviiinn12–13, xli Conseil consultatif des droits de l’homme (Consultative Human Rights Council), 10n12 Conseil national de la jeunesse et de l’avenir (National Council for Youth and Future), 10n12 consensual decision making, 34–35 conservatism, 2, 14, 88, 88n17, 140 constituencies, electoral. See electoral districts Constitution (Morocco): of 1970, 7, 7n8; 1992 reforms, 11–12, 11n14, 13; of 1996, 14, 14n21; Article 19, 13, 13n20, 73; Article 24, 14n22, 73; Benkirane on, 77–78, 77n3, 78n4; Hassan II on, 1–2; Mohammed VI and, 77–78, 77n3; National Congress of 1999 on, 77, 77n2; PJD on, 85; postindependence (1960), 5–6, 5–6n6 Constitutional Council, 12 Constitutional Union (UC, Union constitutionnelle ), 3, 8, 8–9n10, 44–45 consultation (shura), xxiii Consultative Human Rights Council (Conseil consultatif des droits de l’homme), 10n12 Index | 167 corruption, 102–3, 110, 113, 121 credibility, 95, 121–22 cultural associations, 53, 53n34, 61 dahir (royal decree), 12n17, 13, 128 Daoud, Zakya, 12n18 Daoudi, Lahsen, 34, 90, 91–92 decision making, 33, 34–35 democracy (party platform), 104 Democratic Party for Independence (PDI, Parti démocratique pour l’indépendance), 4, 6 democratization: alternance government and, 13; competitive authoritarian regimes and, xxviii; image of, xxiii, 72, 81; Islamist opposition parties and, xx–xxvii; moderation...