The Broken Olive Branch Vol. 2

Cover

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Title Page, Copyright Page

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Contents

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pp. vii-viii

Acknowledgments

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pp. ix-x

For their support of the Cyprus Peace Initiatives Project of Portland State University, under which the research endeavor for this book was undertaken, I wish to extend my gratitude to E. John Rumpakis, Cleo Rumpakis, Al Jubitz, the Jubitz Family Foundation, Douglas C. Strain, Gary Watson, Chris Garos, Effy Stephanopoulos, Isidoros Garifalakis, ...

Introduction

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pp. xi-xvi

From the perspective of peace and conflict studies, and more specifically of conflict analysis and resolution, the hope for peace in Cyprus had scarcely been within reach. Brief moments of hope around the 1977–79 top-level agreements, the 1983–84 negotiations, and the parallel efforts of the Ozal government in Turkey and the Vassiliou government in Greek ...

1. Globalizing Trends and the EU as a Catalyst for Peace: Political and Civil Changes in Greece and Turkey

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pp. 1-31

In his work Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies, John Paul Lederach defined conflict as progression. In his words: “Conflict is never a static phenomenon. It is expressive, dynamic, and dialectical in nature. Relationally based, conflict is born in the world of human meaning and perception. It is constantly changed by ongoing human interaction, ...

2. Rapprochement, Rising Civil Society, and Emerging Europeanization

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pp. 32-51

As the history of the EU experiment demonstrates, deepening democracy within a particular state and society is inextricably intertwined with extending and institutionalizing democracy in one’s relationship with neighboring states and societies. The commencement of low-level politics between Greece and Turkey in 1999, again within the broader EU ...

3. Seeking a Comprehensive Settlement on the Eve of European Integration: The Annan Plan

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pp. 52-71

The long-standing, interethnic, citizen peace-building initiatives in Cyprus, the rising citizen and top-level rapprochement between Greece and Turkey, the EU accession process of Cyprus, and Turkey’s EU orientation gradually gave rise to an unprecedented convergence of the interests of TCs, GCs, Turks, and Greeks, and the association of these ...

4. Rising Ambiguities: The Competing Pulses of Peace and Conflict

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pp. 72-107

On April 23, 2003, shortly after the collapse of the Hague talks, an extraordinary event took place in Cyprus. With Turkey’s consent, the Denktash administration decided to partially lift restrictions on citizen movement across the green line—the 1974 cease-fire demarcation that over twenty-nine years had become a hardened ethnic boundary. Under this decree, ...

5. Cyprus at the Crossroads: Nationalism of the Past Versus Europeanization of the Future

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pp. 108-138

Even as numerous steps toward rapprochement were being taken at this critical historical moment, with the EU acting as catalyst in creating and sustaining momentum, the hardcore nationalist traditions represented by the ruling administrations of the TC and GC communities remained a potent factor. Under the circumstances, to expect these governments to ...

6. The Cyprus Referenda: Nationalism Versus Postnationalism

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pp. 139-170

The Greek government requested changing the date of the Cyprus referenda, as the original date of April 21 suggested by the UN coincided with the dark anniversary of the 1967 rise to power of the Greek military junta. The date was therefore moved to April 24. The separate, simultaneous referenda held in the GC and TC communities were unprecedented, as ...

7. Postreferenda Political Realities

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pp. 171-204

Given the UN’s and the EU’s enormous effort to bend Turkish and TC nationalist intransigence paralleling four-and-a-half years of formal negotiations, the international political fallout following the referendum was considerable. Though the Papadopoulos administration downplayed its significance, the open condemnation by the international community of ...

8. The Changing Parameters of the Cyprus Problem (I)

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pp. 205-225

On December 16 and 17, 2004, the European Council met for the highly anticipated Brussels Summit, with Turkey’s European future the most important issue on its agenda. The European Union’s heads of state and of the commission unanimously decided that the EU would commence accession negotiations with Turkey on October 3, 2005. To the great dismay ...

9. The Changing Parameters of the Cyprus Problem (II)

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pp. 226-259

By the Brussels summit of 14–15th of December 2006, the EU was compelled to face two interrelated issues: The first was that Turkey continued to keep its sea and air ports closed to the Republic of Cyprus. The second was that Papadopoulos continued to exhibit no willingness to reengage in the search for a comprehensive Cyprus settlement. The former, being ...

Conclusion

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pp. 260-266

By failing to arrive at a final settlement in 2004, Cyprus became the first EU member-state to usher into the union an ethnically divided society. This has presented the EU with an unprecedented anomaly within its own political and legal edifice that stands in sharp contrast to its very principles and foundation. By 2007, many EU countries—even skeptics ...

Works Cited

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pp. 267-276

Index

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pp. 277-313