Localizing Islam in Europe: Turkish Islamic Communities in Germany and the Netherlands

Index

275 Index abode of peace, 27 abode of war, 27, 79 activism: fields of, 30, 34, 129, 145, 151; primary fields of, 125–26, 150. See also hizmet adaptation, 26–28, 174, 181, 205–7, 251–53 Afghanistan, 131, 162, 225, 228, 244 Ahmadiyya movement, 13, 44, 87, 167 Alevi, 13, 26, 45, 87, 167 Albayrak, Nebahat, 195 allochtone, 183, 189, 192 Al-Qaeda, 224–25 anomie, 185 Arabic: alphabet, 64; books, 99, 246; courses, 15, 246; fatwa in, 240; sermons in, 244 Asad, Talal, 29, 252 assimilation: cultural, 16; in France, 152; and Islamic organizations, 35; policies 5, 14, 168n4, 181, 184–87, 191 asylum, 155, 190, 194–95 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 14, 50, 225, 236–37 authority: analytical model of, 29, 96; and anthropology of Islamic knowledge, 252–54; combination of political and religious, 225; definition of, 91; fragmentation of, 250; individual and communal, 257; institutions of, 18; and interpretations of Islam, 91, 116–22, 251; Islamic communities as, 19, 40–41, 89, 184; and Islamic field, 38; monopolistic, 34, 225, 242, 245–46; structure of Islam, 17; of Sufi orders, 27; among Sunni Muslims, 17–18, 176; transnational, 122–23; and true Islam, 29, 33; types of, 19 autochtone, 192–93 Bardakoğlu, Ali, 52–53, 95, 202–3 Barelvi, 12, 12n8 Barth, Fredrik, 29, 122 Berbers, 10 Bosnian Muslim, 3n1, 11n7, 160 Bourdieu, Pierre, 38 Bouyeri, Mohammed, 2, 255 caliphate, 18, 50, 222–24, 235 Çelebi, Musa Serdar, 74–75 cemaat. See Islamic communities Christian Democratic Party, 2, 165 Christianity, 74, 116–19, 148, 159, 178, 188 Christian schools, 167 citizenship: dual, 15, 156–59, 169 table 2, 176, 180, 210; German laws of, 5, 155–59, 180 civil Islam, 7, 50 table 1, 67, 77, 92 collective rights, 5 colonialism, 11, 13, 39, 44, 163, 188 conspiracy, 32–33, 118 Contact Body for Muslims and Government, 86–88, 104, 166–67, 199, 218 276 • Index contextualist, 6, 29, 90 conversion, 3n1, 116–17, 122, 140 Damar, Hasan, 46, 60, 81, 227 Dar-al Harb. See abode of war Dar-al Islam. See abode of peace Deobandi, 12, 12n8 ders. See reading circle dialogue, inter-religious, 116–19, 139–43, 184, 213, 253 discrimination: in labor market, 9, 186; social, 36–37, 88, 128, 186, 189, 223 DİTİB. See Diyanet Diyanet: activism, 201–3; advantages and disadvantages of, 56–57; associations, 21–22; demography of followers, 61; fatwas, 26n17, 54, 201; female religious personnel , 55–56; imams, 12, 21, 49, 53–56, 62, 82, 199–203; number of mosques, 52; publications, 54; relationship to Turkish embassy, 52; religiosity of followers, 57; religious authority of, 200–203 Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı: female religious personnel , 55; goals of, 50–51, 51n6; mosques, 51; presidents of, 51–53; Quranic schools, 51; relationship to Diyanet, 8–9 döner, 213 Dutch Labor Party, 164–65, 173, 176, 180n19, 195 Dutch Muslim, 132 El Moumni, Imam, 193, 197 Erbakan, Necmettin, 58–63, 81–83, 127, 133–34, 227 Erdoğan, R. Tayyib, 14, 59–60, 133 essentialism, 2, 5, 7, 29 ethnic issues: bonding, 9, 130, 190, 219; culture , 185 table 5, 185–86; divisions among Muslims, 160, 167; identity, 9–11, 14, 43–44, 48, 56, 185, 201; minority, 11n6, 185, 189, 191. See also ethno-national identity ethno-national identity, 10–12, 17, 43–45, 48, 189 Euro-Islam, 6–7 European Islam, 150–51, 173–75, 256–59. See also Euro-Islam face veiling, 168 fatwa, 25–28, 79, 136, 166, 206 female circumcision, 139–40 fieldwork: in Boston, 23–28; field notes during, 32; informants in, 23n15, 30–32; preliminary, 29–31 Fortuyn, Pim, 193–95 fundamentalism, 7, 172–73 fundraising, 30, 84, 101, 107, 112, 243 funeral services, 78, 198, 201 generation: first, 11, 16, 43, 53, 56, 66–67, 128, 137; second and third, 17, 43, 47, 48–49, 56; young, 48, 53, 61–62, 126–30, 159, 185–86 ghetto life, 17 guest worker, 16, 44–47, 126, 155, 188–89 Gülen, Fethullah: charismatic, 21, 69, 109–11; relationship to Nursi, 109; religious authority of, 109 Gülen community: advantages and disadvantages of, 72–73; criticism within, 77–78; demography of followers, 72; on gender relations, 119–20; ideal student type, 215; leadership, 72, 114, 123; mentors, 21, 72, 215; as network, 68–72, 80, 110–12, 116–17, 122–25, 211, 216; number of student dorm and tutoring centers, 50 table 1, 70–71; reading circle in, 70, 111...